Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Prevalence and risk factors of abnormal left ventricular geometrical patterns in untreated hypertensive patients

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 14, Article number: 136 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The various prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometry have been reported in different populations. So far, only a few reports are available on the prevalence of LV geometric patterns in a large Chinese untreated hypertensive population.

Methods

A total of 9,286 subjects (5167 men and 4119 women) completed the survey and 1641 untreated hypertensive patients (1044 males and 597 females) enrolled in the present study. The LV geometry was classified into four patterns: normal; abnormal,defined as concentric remodeling;concentric or eccentric hypertrophy based on the values of left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT). Logistic regression model was applied to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Results

The prevalence of LVH was 20.2% in untreated hypertensive patients, much higher in women (30.8%) than in men (14.2%) (P < 0.01). The prevalence of LV geometrical patterns was 34.9%, 11.1%, 9.1% for concentric remodeling, concentric and eccentric hypertrophy,respectively. After adjustment by using Logistic regression model, the risk factors for LVH and abnormal LV geometry were age, female, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index. And low high density lipoprotein maybe a positive factor.

Conclusions

The prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometric patterns was higher in women than in men and increased with age. It is crucial to improve the awareness rate of hypertension and control the risk factors of CV complications in untreated hypertensive population.

Peer Review reports

Background

In hypertensive patients, an adaptive myocardial response to increased cardiac afterload results in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) [1]. Hypertensive LVH is a powerful independent predictor for sudden cardiac death [2], ventricular arrhythmias [3], myocardial ischemia [4], coronary heart disease [5], heart failure [6], as well as ischemic stroke [7].

Echocardiography is more sensitive and specific than electrocardiography in the detection of LVH [8]. Classification of patients based on whether left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) are normal or abnormal yields four left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns: normal, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy [9]. Previous studies have reported that echocardiographically determined LV geometry can independently predict major cardiovascular events [10], and the worst is concentric hypertrophy, followed by eccentric hypertrophy, concentric remodeling and normal geometry [11]. In addition, LV geometric pattern is closely related to stroke risk [12].

The various prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometry have been reported in different populations [13, 14]. So far, only a few reports are available on the prevalence of LV geometric patterns in a large Chinese untreated hypertensive population. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to survey the prevalence of LVH and LV geometric patterns in untreated hypertension population in northern China.

Methods

Study population

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Rizhao City and Hong Xing Long County, in the northern region of China from 2009 to 2010. A multistage cluster sampling method was used. A total of 9,286 subjects (5167 men and 4119 women) completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 97.48%. Among them, 2984 hypertensive patients were identified and thoroughly examined. Hypertension was defined as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥90 mmHg, and/or systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mmHg, physician diagnosis, or current medication for hypertension (as defined by WHO 1999). Untreated hypertension was defined as never receiving any antihypertensive treatment befor the study.

Patients were excluded if they had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, or other organic heart disease including valvular disease. Patients with secondary hypertension, either suspected or established, were excluded as well.

The study was governed under the most recent (2007–2008) version of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethical committees of the Fuwai Hospital and local hospitals. Participation is voluntary; informed consent was obtained from each participant. All investigators were trained at the Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China) and qualified for the clinical investigation.

Data collection

We identified eligible individuals according to their age and documents of residence and invited them to a community clinic by telephone. Each participant was interviewed and completed a standardized questionnaire that included a range of demographic factors, medical history, history of medications, and lifestyle.

Physical examination

Anthropometric measurements of subjects who wore light clothing and were in bare feet were conducted by experienced research staff. Height was measured once to the nearest 0.1 cm, and weight was measured in the upright position to the nearest 0.1 kg.

BP was measured by trained professionals with a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer, and one of three cuff sizes (regular adult, large, or small) was chosen on the basis of the circumference of the participant’s right arm. All participants were advised to avoid alcohol, cigarette smoking, coffee/tea, and exercise for at least 30 minutes before their BP measurement. Three BP readings were recorded at least 1 minute apart in the sitting position after at least 5-minute rest and averaged for further analysis.

Echocardiography

Transthoracic echocardiography was performed according to standard protocol [15] with M-mode, 2-dimensional (2D), and color Doppler recordings from the parasternal long-axis and short-axis windows, as well as 2D and color Doppler evaluations from the apical window to yield 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber images with an HP 5500 (Phillips Medical System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). The transducer frequency was 2.5 to 3.5 MHz. Optigo echocardiographic recorders (Agilent, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) were used occasionally to screen subjects who could not reach the local study center. The echocardiographic examination was supervised by 2 physician-echocardiographers with at least 2 years of experience. Before the study, they were trained in the echocardiographic protocol at the Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Calculation of derived variables

Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated using the equation:

LVM = 0.8 × 1.04 × [(IVSd + LVIDD + PWTd)3–LVIDD3] + 0.6, which yields values closely related (R = 0.90) to necropsy LV weight [16], where IVSd is septal wall thickness at end diastole, PWTd is posterior wall thickness at end diastole , and LVIDD is left ventricular end-diastolic diameter.

LVM was divided by height2.7 and body surface area (BSA) to obtain left ventricular mass index (LVMIh2.7 and LVMIBSA). BSA was calculated by using the Du Bois formula [17]: 0.0 071 843 × (weight (kg))0.4253 × (height (cm))0.725.

LV hypertrophy was diagnosed by using the criteria of the LVMIh2.7 more than 49.2 g/m2.7 and 46.7 g/m2.7 for males and females, respectively [18]. Relative wall thickness (RWT) [19] was calculated by 2 × PWTd/LVIDD.

The LV geometry was classified into four patterns based on LVMI and RWT [20] values:

  1. (1)

    Normal geometry: LVMI was normal and RWT was < 0.43;

  2. (2)

    Concentric hypertrophy: LVMI was increased and RWT was ≥ 0.43;

  3. (3)

    Eccentric hypertrophy: LVMI was increased and RWT was < 0.43;

  4. (4)

    Concentric remodeling: LVMI was normal and RWT was ≥ 0.43.

Statistical analysis

Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as frequency for categorical variables. Differences in continuous variables between two groups were compared with a Student t-test and differences in categorical variables were measured with a chi-square test. Differences between multiple groups were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential confounders were adjusted. A 2-tailed value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Analyses were performed with SPSS 11.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) for Windows (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, USA). The authors had full access to the data and take full responsibility for its integrity.

Results

Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of untreated hypertensive population

A total of 1641 untreated hypertensive patients (1044 males and 597 females) with integrated clinical and echocardiographic data enrolled in the present study (Table 1 and Table 2).

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of 1641 untreated hypertensive patients
Full size table
Table 2 Echocardiographic characteristics of 1641 untreated hypertensive patients
Full size table

LVIDD as well as PWTd were larger in men than in women, so did LV mass (158.1 ± 48.04 g vs. 142.5 ± 41.69 g, P <0.001). The trend was opposite after indexed by height2.7 (37.8 ± 12.24 vs. 42.0 ± 12.79, P <0.001), and by BSA (83.5 ± 25.13 vs. 86.2 ± 23.84, P =0.027). Moreover, RWT was higher in women, but this difference did not attain statistical significance.

Prevalence of LVH in untreated hypertensive population

Of 1641 untreated hypertensive patients, 20.2% (n = 332) was found to be LVH, 14.2% in men and 30.8% in women respectively. Sex-specific prevalence of LVH increased with ageing (Figure 1).

Figure 1
figure 1

Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in different age and sex groups. The prevalence was much higher in women than in men in the age groups of 45–60 and ≥60 (p < 0.01), and increasing with ageing.

Full size image

The distribution of LV geometric patterns

The total distribution of LV geometric patterns was concentric hypertrophy (11.1%), eccentric hypertrophy (9.1%), concentric remodeling (34.9%) and normal geometric (44.9%). Concentric remodeling was the most common abnormal LV geometric pattern in men (35.9%), also, in women (33.0%). The LV geometric abnormality increased steadily with ageing (from 43.8% to 71.0%) (Table 3).

Table 3 The distribution of LV geometry patterns
Full size table

The risk factors of LVH in untreated hypertensive patients

After adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking history, drinking history, history of diabetes,the following risk factors were identified by using Logistic regression model for confounders: age, female, SBP, BMI (Table 4).

Table 4 The risk factors of LVH
Full size table

The risk factors of abnormal LV geometric patterns in untreated hypertensive patients

After adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking history, drinking history, history of diabetes by using Logistic regression model for confounders, the risk factor of concentric remodeling was only age. The risk factors of concentric hypertrophy were age, female, SBP, BMI. The risk factors of eccentric hypertrophy were age, female, SBP, BMI, and high density lipoprotein and drinking history was found as protective factors for eccentric hypertrophy (Table 5).

Table 5 The risk factors of abnormal left ventricular geometric patterns
Full size table

Discussion

In the present study, the prevalence of LVH was 20.2% in the untreated hypertensive patients, while the prevalence of echocardiographic LVH was 42.8% among community-based hypertensive population previously reported by our group [21]. In other studies, the prevalence of LVH in untreated hypertensive cohorts was quite different, from 19% to 48% [18, 22, 23]. The distribution of abnormal LV geometric patterns was 34.9%, 11.1% and 9.1% for concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy in this study, respectively, while our group found the distribution was shown to be 24.7%, 22.6%, 20.2% respectively in hypertensive patients [21]. Concentric remodeling was the most prevalent type of abnormal LV geometry in both sexes. Concentric hypertrophy, a LV geometric pattern related to a worse CV prognosis [24, 25], was more prevalent than eccentric hypertrophy , while lots of studies had come to the opposite conclusion [26–30]. The variation might result from the differences in age, gender, geographical region, diagnostic criteria, and risk factors.

It is worth noting that female was strongly associated with the prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometry in this study. This is in line with the majority of reports [31, 32], as well as our previous study [21].

Ageing was also related with increased prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometry in untreated patients. These data were in line with our previous study [21]. De Simone et al.[33]. Have also reported that, in both normotensive and hypertensive patients, left ventricle mass steadily increases with age. The Bogalusa Heart Study indicates that age-related increase in left ventricular mass could be partially interpreted by changes in body size and in BP [34]. Due to the aging of general population in China, it demonstrated that the incidence of LVH would increase. Also, both SBP and BMI were associated with LVH after adjusted for other risk factors, consistented with the result of published studies [32, 35].

Furthermore, a further aspect of our study was that maybe low high density lipoprotein was associated with higher prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy after adjusted for other risk factors.

The advantages of the study is that, this is a good community-based survey design, the routine ascertainment of LVH, and the definition of risk factors, survey data and echocardiography, which are similar to other well-known community-based studies.

In addition, another aspect of the present study deserves to be briefly discussed. A remarkable portion of untreated hypertensive patients enrolled in this study have had the manifestation of cardiac damage such as LVH, this suggests that primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is extremely crucial and claims for raising awareness of hypertensive status and controling risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Several limitations applied to our study. First, our findings are not fully applicable to Han Chinese, as our samples comprised untreated hypertensive residents in the northern region of China. Second, the cross-sectional nature of this study limits the prediction of abnormal LV geometric patterns on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, which should be confirmed with a prospective study.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that, in untreated hypertensive patients, LVH and abnormal LV geometric patterns is a predilection for female and the prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometric patterns increased with age.

Age, female, SBP, BMI are the major risk factors for LVH and abnormal LV geometric patterns. Also, low high density lipoprotein maybe has a positive effect on LVH.

Even though improved diagnosis and treatment of hypertension recent years, primary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease is extremely crucial. To effectively reducing of CV complications, it is of utmost importance that not only weight and BP control but also improving the awareness rate of hypertension in China and the risk factors of CV complications.

Abbreviations

LV geometry:

Left ventricular geometry

LVH:

Left ventricular hypertrophy

LVM:

Left ventricular mass

LVMI:

Left ventricular mass index

IVSd:

Septal wall thickness at end diastole

PWTd:

Posterior wall thickness at end diastole

LVIDD:

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter

RWT:

Relative wall thickness

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

BSA:

Body surface area

CV:

Cardiovascular.

References

  1. Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Christiansen JC, Castelli WP: Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988, 108 (1): 7-13. 10.7326/0003-4819-108-1-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kannel WB, Doyle JT, McNamara PM, Quickenton P, Gordon T: Precursors of sudden coronary death. Factors related to the incidence of sudden death. Circulation. 1975, 51 (4): 606-613. 10.1161/01.CIR.51.4.606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. McLenachan JM, Henderson E, Morris KI, Dargie HJ: Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1987, 317 (13): 787-792. 10.1056/NEJM198709243171302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dunn FG, Pringle SD: Left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1987, 60 (17): 19I-22I. 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90454-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Liao Y, Cooper RS, McGee DL, Mensah GA, Ghali JK: The relative effects of left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, and ventricular dysfunction on survival among black adults. JAMA. 1995, 273 (20): 1592-1597. 10.1001/jama.1995.03520440046035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, McKee PA, Feinleib M: Role of blood pressure in the development of congestive heart failure. The Framingham study. N Engl J Med. 1972, 287 (16): 781-787. 10.1056/NEJM197210192871601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fox ER, Alnabhan N, Penman AD, Butler KR, Taylor HA, Skelton TN, Mosley TH: Echocardiographic left ventricular mass index predicts incident stroke in African Americans: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke. 2007, 38 (10): 2686-2691. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Leese PJ, Viera AJ, Hinderliter AL, Stearns SC: Cost-effectiveness of electrocardiography vs. electrocardiography plus limited echocardiography to diagnose LVH in young, newly identified, hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. 2010, 23 (6): 592-598. 10.1038/ajh.2010.42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, de Simone G, Pickering TG, Saba PS, Vargiu P, Simongini I, Laragh JH: Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992, 19 (7): 1550-1558. 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90617-V.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH: Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991, 114 (5): 345-352. 10.7326/0003-4819-114-5-345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D: Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 25 (4): 879-884. 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00473-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Di Tullio MR, Zwas DR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Homma S: Left ventricular mass and geometry and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003, 34 (10): 2380-2384. 10.1161/01.STR.0000089680.77236.60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Fox E, Taylor H, Andrew M, Han H, Mohamed E, Garrison R, Skelton T: Body mass index and blood pressure influences on left ventricular mass and geometry in African Americans: The Atherosclerotic Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Hypertension. 2004, 44 (1): 55-60. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000132373.26489.58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lorber R, Gidding SS, Daviglus ML, Colangelo LA, Liu K, Gardin JM: Influence of systolic blood pressure and body mass index on left ventricular structure in healthy African-American and white young adults: the CARDIA study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41 (6): 955-960. 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00052-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Gillam LD, Kimball TR, Kussmaul WG, Pearlman AS, Philbrick JT, Rakowski H, Thys DM, Antman EM, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Gregoratos G, Anderson JL, Hiratzka LF, Faxon DP, Hunt SA, Fuster V, Jacobs AK, Gibbons RJ, Russell RO, ACC; AHA; ASE: ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003, 108 (9): 1146-1162. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000073597.57414.A9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986, 57 (6): 450-458. 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Du Bois D, Du Bois EF: A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916. Nutrition. 1989, 5 (5): 303-311. discussion 312–303

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. de Simone G, Izzo R, Chinali M, De Marco M, Casalnuovo G, Rozza F, Girfoglio D, Iovino GL, Trimarco B, De Luca N: Does information on systolic and diastolic function improve prediction of a cardiovascular event by left ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension?. Hypertension. 2010, 56 (1): 99-104. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Li L, Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Hiwada K: Relative wall thickness is an independent predictor of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2001, 24 (5): 493-499. 10.1291/hypres.24.493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gerdts E, Cramariuc D, de Simone G, Wachtell K, Dahlof B, Devereux RB: Impact of left ventricular geometry on prognosis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008, 9 (6): 809-815. 10.1093/ejechocard/jen155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang SX, Xue H, Zou YB, Sun K, Fu CY, Wang H, Hui RT: Prevalence and risk factors for left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular geometric abnormality in the patients with hypertension among Han Chinese. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012, 125 (1): 21-26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schillaci G, Pirro M, Pucci G, Mannarino MR, Gemelli F, Siepi D, Vaudo G, Mannarino E: Different impact of the metabolic syndrome on left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive men and women. Hypertension. 2006, 47 (5): 881-886. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000216778.83626.39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mule G, Cusimano P, Nardi E, Cottone S, Geraci C, Palermo A, Costanzo M, Foraci AC, Cerasola G: Relationships between metabolic syndrome and left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients: does sex matter?. J Hum Hypertens. 2008, 22 (11): 788-795. 10.1038/jhh.2008.69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Monteduro C, Bonzi B, Paini A, Viola S, Poisa P, Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Agabiti-Rosei E: Left ventricular concentric geometry during treatment adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2004, 43 (4): 731-738. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000121223.44837.de.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR, Ventura HO, Kurtz JD, Messerli FH: Left ventricular geometry and survival in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2006, 97 (7): 959-963. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Saba MM, Ibrahim MM, Rizk HH: Gender and the relationship between resting heart rate and left ventricular geometry. J Hypertens. 2001, 19 (3): 367-373. 10.1097/00004872-200103000-00003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cipriano C, Gosse P, Bemurat L, Mas D, Lemetayer P, N’Tela G, Clementy J: Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and its evolution during treatment in the Bordeaux cohort of hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2001, 14 (6 Pt 1): 524-529.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cuspidi C, Ambrosioni E, Mancia G, Pessina AC, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A: Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the assessment of prognostic risk observational survey. J Hypertens. 2002, 20 (7): 1307-1314. 10.1097/00004872-200207000-00017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Glorioso N, Filigheddu F, Parpaglia PP, Soro A, Troffa C, Argiolas G, Mulatero P: 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity is associated with left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26 (5): 498-504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cuspidi C, Giudici V, Lonati L, Sala C, Valerio C, Mancia G: Left ventricular hypertrophy detection and body mass index in essential hypertension. Blood Press. 2010, 19 (6): 337-343. 10.3109/08037051.2010.506029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gerdts E, Okin PM, de Simone G, Cramariuc D, Wachtell K, Boman K, Devereux RB: Gender differences in left ventricular structure and function during antihypertensive treatment: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study. Hypertension. 2008, 51 (4): 1109-1114. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Conrady AO, Rudomanov OG, Zaharov DV, Krutikov AN, Vahrameeva NV, Yakovleva OI, Alexeeva NP, Shlyakhto EV: Prevalence and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling patterns in hypertensive patients: the St. Petersburg study. Blood Press. 2004, 13 (2): 101-109. 10.1080/08037050410031855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. de Simone G, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Roman MJ, Romano C, Chinali M, Galderisi M, Devereux RB: Evaluation of concentric left ventricular geometry in humans: evidence for age-related systematic underestimation. Hypertension. 2005, 45 (1): 64-68. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000150108.37527.57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Burke GL, Arcilla RA, Culpepper WS, Webber LS, Chiang YK, Berenson GS: Blood pressure and echocardiographic measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1987, 75 (1): 106-114. 10.1161/01.CIR.75.1.106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kuch B, Hense HW, Gneiting B, Doring A, Muscholl M, Brockel U, Schunkert H: Body composition and prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 2000, 102 (4): 405-410. 10.1161/01.CIR.102.4.405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Key Project in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th 5-Year Plan Period (2011BAI11B04 to Dr Hui Rutai and Dr Xiao Chuanshi).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China

    Hui Li, Liying Shao & Chuanshi Xiao

  2. Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishilu, Beijing, 100037, China

    Jingzhou Chen, Kai Sun, Xinyu Zhang, Channa Zhang, Jibing Liu & Rutai Hui

  3. Department of Cardiology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China

    Fei Pei

Authors
  1. Hui Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fei Pei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Liying Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jingzhou Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kai Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xinyu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Channa Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jibing Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Chuanshi Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Rutai Hui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chuanshi Xiao or Rutai Hui.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

HL: first author of this work, has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the paper and the analysis and interpretation of data, and been involved in drafting the manuscript. FP, LYS, JZC, XYZ, CNZ, JBL have participated in patient evaluations, data collection, and report writing. KS: was involved in statistical analysis. CSX has made contributions to the conception and design of the paper, and been involved in revising the manuscript. RTH: was involved in supervisory role in study concept, manuscript writing and critical review of the work at all stages. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, H., Pei, F., Shao, L. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of abnormal left ventricular geometrical patterns in untreated hypertensive patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 14, 136 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-136

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-136

Keywords

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

Contact us