Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Genome-scale identification of Soybean BURP domain-containing genes and their expression under stress treatments

BMC Plant Biology volume 10, Article number: 197 (2010) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Multiple proteins containing BURP domain have been identified in many different plant species, but not in any other organisms. To date, the molecular function of the BURP domain is still unknown, and no systematic analysis and expression profiling of the gene family in soybean (Glycine max) has been reported.

Results

In this study, multiple bioinformatics approaches were employed to identify all the members of BURP family genes in soybean. A total of 23 BURP gene types were identified. These genes had diverse structures and were distributed on chromosome 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 18. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these BURP family genes could be classified into 5 subfamilies, and one of which defines a new subfamily, BURPV. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of transcript levels showed that 15 of the 23 genes had no expression specificity; 7 of them were specifically expressed in some of the tissues; and one of them was not expressed in any of the tissues or organs studied. The results of stress treatments showed that 17 of the 23 identified BURP family genes responded to at least one of the three stress treatments; 6 of them were not influenced by stress treatments even though a stress related cis-element was identified in the promoter region. No stress related cis-elements were found in promoter region of any BURPV member. However, qRT-PCR results indicated that all members from BURPV responded to at least one of the three stress treatments. More significantly, the members from the RD22-like subfamily showed no tissue-specific expression and they all responded to each of the three stress treatments.

Conclusions

We have identified and classified all the BURP domain-containing genes in soybean. Their expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments were detected using qRT-PCR. 15 out of 23 BURP genes in soybean had no tissue-specific expression, while 17 out of them were stress-responsive. The data provided an insight into the evolution of the gene family and suggested that many BURP family genes may be important for plants responding to stress conditions.

Background

The BURP domain-containing protein family is defined by its conserved amino acid motif whose name is based on four typical members, BNM2, USP, RD22, and PG1β. BURP domain-containing proteins have so far only been found in plants, suggesting that their functions may be plant specific. Generally, the BURP family proteins consist of several modules: an N-terminal hydrophobic domain, a presumptive transit peptide; a variable internal region containing either a short conserved segment or other segments; an optional segment consisting of repeated units which is unique to each member; and the BURP domain at the C-terminus [1].

BURP domain-containing proteins were classified into four subfamilies, BNM2-like, USP-like, RD22-like, and PG1β-like [2]. All members of each subfamily contain BURP domain at the C-terminal region. Within the domain there are several conserved amino acid residues, including four cystein-histidine repeats and one tryptophan residue. The spacing between the four CH residues is highly conserved, being X5-CH-X10-CH-X23-27-CH-X23-26-CH-X8-W, where X is any amino acid. The difference between the BURP domain-containing proteins mostly occurred in the region immediately downstream of the hydrophobic signal peptide. This region contains a short conserved segment and an optional segment of repeated units. Unlike other BURP domain-containing proteins, the BNM2-like subfamily proteins are directly linked to the C-terminal region by a short conserved segment following the signal peptide [3]. Both the USP-like subfamily and RD22-like subfamily proteins can be distinguished from other subfamily proteins by a region containing ~30 amino acid residues followed by a variable region. However, for the RD22-like subfamily proteins, the variable region consists of repeat sequences while USP-like subfamily has no such a region [2]. The PG1β-like family proteins differ from other subfamily members by the presence of multiple copies of a 14 amino-acid repeat sequence [4].

Many members of the BURP protein family have been found in various plant species but the functions of these proteins are unknown or only tentatively explored. Transcription of BNM2 from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is induced at the start of microspore embryogenesis but the corresponding protein remains confined to seeds where it is localized in the protein storage vacuoles [4–7]. VfUSP, an abundant non-storage seed protein with unknown function from the field bean (Vicia faba L.), is expressed during the early stages of zygotic embryogenesis [8], and at very early stages of in vitro embryogenesis [9]. ASG1 is a specifically expressed gene during the early embryo sac development in apomictic gynoecia, but does not express in sexual gynoecia of Panicum [10]. PG1β, the non-catalytic β-subunit of the polygalacturonase isozyme (PG) from ripening tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plays a significant role in regulating pectin metabolism by limiting the extent of pectin solubilization and depolymerization [4, 11]. SCB1 is a seed coat specific protein [12] identified in soybean. OsRAFTIN1, an anther-specific protein in rice (Oryza sativa L.), transports sporopollenin from tapetum to developing microspores via Ubisch bodies [13]. AtUSPL1 occurs in cellular compartments such as Golgi cisternae, dense vesicles, prevaculoar vesicles and the protein storage vacuoles in the parenchyma cell of cotyledons, and thus may play a role in seed development [14]. So it seems that many BURP family members play a role in maintaining the normal metabolism or development in plants.

Besides their significant roles in plant development and metabolism, many BURP domain-containing proteins have been reported to be stress-induced. RD22, a drought induced protein of Arabidopsis [15], has often been used as a reference for drought stress treatment in different plants. The mechanism for abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of plants stress has been well studied in Arabidopsis. ABA activates the gene expression of rd22BP1 and ATMYB2, which in return induces the expression of the RD22 gene as transcription factors [16]. Both ADR6, the auxin down-regulated protein [17], and SALI3-2, an aluminium-induced protein [18], were found in soybean. Transcription of BnBDC1, from oilseed rape, was up-regulated by manitol, NaCl and ABA, and down-regulated by UV irradiation and salicylic acid [19]. Among the 17 BURP genes from Oryza sativa, 15 were induced by at least one of the stresses including drought, salt, cold, and ABA treatment [3]. All the reports about BURP family genes indicate that this group of genes may have two major functions in plants. One is the regulation of reproductive development in plants, such as BNM2, VfUSP and ASG1, while the other is responsive to stress, for example RD22 and ADR6.

Soybean is one of the most economically and nutritionally important crops. It provides not only vegetable protein and edible oil but also essential amino acids for humans and animals. However, soybean production is threatened by drought and other environmental stresses. BURP domain-containing proteins are known to be involved in embryogenesis or stress responses. Over the years, some of the soybean BURP proteins including ADR6, SALI3-2 and SCB1 have been identified and studied. As the genome sequence of the soybean is complete, it is possible to analyze the entire family of soybean BURP proteins. In the current study, 23 putative genes of the BURP family were identified. To discover the functions of all the members, we investigated the transcript level of all genes in eight different tissues and organs as well as under 3 different stress treatments. The results presented in this study showed that the expression of most of the soybean BURP genes is non-tissue-specific but stress-responsive.

Results

Identification and distribution of soybean BURP family members

Through soybean genome blast and online software identification, a total of 23 putative BURP genes were identified. These putative genes were designated Gm01, Gm02, Gm04.1, Gm04.2, Gm04.3, Gm06.1, Gm06.2, Gm06.3, Gm07, Gm08.1, Gm08.2, Gm08.3, Gm11.1, Gm11.2, Gm12.3, Gm11.3, Gm12.1, Gm12.2, Gm13, Gm14.1, Gm14.2, Gm18.1, Gm18.2. Previously reported BURP domain-containing protein genes in soybean, SCB1, ADR6, BURP2, and Sali3-2 correspond to Gm07, Gm12.2, Gm14.1, and Gm12.3, respectively. The 23 soybean BURP genes were located on chromosome 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 18 (Figure 1). We noticed that BURP genes on chromosome 11 and 18 clustered together with each other. Examination of the location of each BURP gene http://soybase.org/gbrowse/cgi-bin/gbrowse/gmax1.01/ revealed that all GmBURP genes except for Gm07, Gm08.2, Gm14.1, and Gm14.2, were located in duplicate regions (Table 1). Gm04.3, Gm06.1, Gm08.1, Gm11.1, and Gm18.1 were found as single copy in their duplicated areas. The results of intron-exon structure identification (Figure 2) showed that most of BURP domain-containing protein genes have very few introns, 10 out of 23 have only one intron; 9 have two introns; and 2 have no introns. The other two genes have 3 introns. BURP genes located close to each other on the same chromosome tend to have similar structures. Specifically, both Gm4.1 and Gm4.3 have one intron flanked by two exons; Gm11.1, Gm11.2, and Gm11.3 have one intron; Gm14.1 and Gm14.2 have 3 introns. However, Gm18.1 has one intron and the nearby Gm18.2 has two introns.

Figure 1
figure 1

Genomic distribution of GmBURP genes on Glycine max chromosomes. The bars represent the loci with gene name on the right. (Scale in Mbp).

Full size image
Table 1 Summary of GmBURP family members
Full size table
Figure 2
figure 2

The intron-exon structures of GmBURP genes. The white boxes, exons; fine lines, introns; thick grey lines, UTR (Un-translated regions). Names for the genes are on the left.

Full size image

Sequence analysis of BURP proteins

The BURP domain for each predicted protein was identified by searching against the SMART database. One of 23 BURP domain-containing proteins, Gm08.1 had only an incomplete BURP domain at the C-terminal. The characteristics of the soybean BURP proteins including the signal peptide, pI, molecular weight, and some additional gene features are presented in Table 1.

Based on the protein sequences and the produced phylogenetic tree, 41 BURP proteins from different species (3 from Arabidopsis thaliana; 2 from Brassica napus; 4 from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; 1 from Zea mays; 23 from Glycine max; 3 from Oryza sativa; 1 from Vicia faba; 4 from Lycopersicon.) were classified into 5 subfamilies, BNM2-like, USP-like, RD22-like, PG1β-like, and BURPV (Figure 3). The first four subfamilies had been defined before, but BURPV is new. Interestingly, all the BURPV members were from soybean. From the alignment of BURP domain sequences, several highly conserved residues were identified: two glycine residues, two F residues, two E residues, and four CH motifs (Figure 4). The conserved sequence of the BURP domain was described as X5-CH-X10-CH-X23-27-CH-X23-26-CH-X8-W, where X means any amino acid residue. However, not all sequences corresponded to this consensus. Gm08.1 with incomplete BURP domain lacked all the conserved residues but had all four CH motifs. In Gm14.1, Gm14.2 and Gm18.1 the last conserved residue W was replaced by F; and Gm18.2 lacked the last CH motif.

Figure 3
figure 3

Phylogenetic analysis of total 45 BURP domain-containing proteins from diverse plants. The bootstrap values are indicated at each branch. The abbreviations of species names are as follows: At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Bn, Brassica napus; Bg, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; Zm, Zea mays; Gm, Glycine max; Os, Oryza sativa; Vf, Vicia faba; Le, Lycopersicon.

Full size image
Figure 4
figure 4

Sequence alignment of BURP domain-containing proteins. Conserved residues are shaded in grey.

Full size image

Organ and tissue specific expression of GmBURPgenes

Several genes of the BURP family have been noted for their differential expression patterns in various plant tissues and organs. As a way to reveal the expression pattern of each GmBURP gene, the transcript levels were determined in 8 different tissues and organs (root, stem, leaf, flower, epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and seed) of soybean cultivar Zhonghuang13 using qRT-PCR analysis (Figure 5). The gene specific primers are listed in Table 2. The result showed that GmBURP genes vary widely in their specificities and in expression levels. According to their expression specificity GmBURP genes were divided into two groups. The first group (Gm01, Gm02, Gm04.2, Gm04.3, Gm06.1, Gm06.2, Gm06.3, Gm08.1, Gm11.1, Gm12.1, Gm12.2, Gm12.3, Gm14.1, Gm14.2, and Gm18.1) were expressed in all 8 tissues and organs but in different levels. Judging from their expression patterns, these genes may play roles in some basic metabolic pathways. Gm04.3, Gm06.1, Gm11.1, Gm12.1, Gm12.2, Gm12.3, and Gm18.2 were strongly expressed in roots. Gm06.1, Gm08.1, Gm12.2, Gm12.3 and Gm18.2 were strongly expressed in stems. Gm04.2, Gm12.2 and Gm12.3 were most strongly expressed in leaves. Gm01, Gm02 and Gm14.1 were strongly expressed in flowers, indicating that they may play a role in soybean sexual reproduction. Gm01, Gm02, Gm04.3, Gm06.3 and Gm18.1 were highly expressed in epicotyls. Gm01, Gm04.3, Gm06.1, Gm06.3, Gm08.1, Gm11.1, Gm12.2, Gm12.3 and Gm14.1 had high expression levels in hypocotyls. In seeds only two genes, Gm04.3 and Gm06.3 were highly expressed, indicating that they could have similar functions as Gm07.

Figure 5
figure 5

Tissue-specific expression patterns of GmBURP genes. The x-axis represents for different tissues or organs. The bars above each gene name indicate different tissues or organs. The order from left to right is: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, epicotyls, hypocotyls, cotyledons, and seeds. The y-axis shows the gene expression levels after normalization to reference gene CYP2.

Full size image
Table 2 Primer sequences for real-time PCR analysis of BURP family genes in soybean
Full size table

The second group of genes (Gm04.1, Gm07, Gm08.2, Gm08.3, Gm11.2, Gm11.3, Gm13 and Gm18.2) were not expressed in at least one of the eight selected tissues and organs. All the genes of this group, except for Gm13, were not expressed in leaves. Gm11.3 was not expressed in any of the eight tissues and organs. It may, however, be specifically expressed in certain tissues or development periods not studied here. Gm07 (SCB1), one of the well studied GmBURP genes from soybean, was highly expressed in seeds, very low expression in stems and cotyledons, and no expression in the other 5 tissues. Gm08.2 was highly expressed in hypocotyls, but not in leaves and roots, which suggested that it mainly functions at the early stages of soybean development. Gm08.3 had relatively high expression in epicotyls and flowers. Gm13 was highly expressed in epicotyls but not in seeds. As Gm08.2 it may mainly function at the early stages of plant development. Gm11.2 and Gm18.2 were expressed only in roots and stems. Since each member of this group lacked expression in one or more analysed tissues or organs, this group of genes may have more specific functions in soybean than the group 1 BURP genes.

All the GmBURP genes, except for Gm18.2 of the PG1β-like subfamily, were highly expressed in epicotyls. Only two BURPV subfamily members (Gm04.3 and Gm07) were highly expressed in seeds. Three genes, Gm08.2, Gm12.2, and Gm12.3, of the five GmBURP genes belonging to the USP-like subfamily were highly expressed in hypocotyls. Two BNM2-like subfamily genes Gm06.1 and Gm11.1 had high expression levels in hypocotyls, and Gm06.1 also had a high expression level in stems. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the RD22-like genes varied widely but all of them were expressed in all eight selected tissues and organs. More specifically, Gm06.1 was mainly expressed in stems, leaves and epicotyls; Gm14.1 was relatively high expressed in flowers and hypocotyls; Gm14.2 was mainly expressed in leaves, flowers, and hypocotyls; while Gm18.1 was highly expressed in epicotyls. The expression pattern indicates that members belonging to this subfamily may play significant roles in soybean, but it was postulated that they mainly function in different tissues or organs.

Promoter cis-element identification and expression under stress treatments

Several genes of the BURP family have been reported to be stress related. Examples are RD22 from Arabidopsis which responds to drought, and SALI3-2 (Gm12.3) which is induced by aluminium.

The online database PLACE was used to identify cis-elements for each GmBURP gene. 2000 bp upstream of the full-length cDNAs were searched against the database and two putative stress-responsive cis-elements ABRE (ABA responsive element) and DRE (dehydration-responsive element) [20, 21] were found for most of the GmBURP genes (Figure 6). ABRE sequences were found in the promoter region of 21 of the 23 GmBURP genes except Gm04.3 and Gm07. DRE sequences were found in the promoter regions of 9 GmBURP genes (Gm04.2, Gm06.3, Gm08.2, Gm08.3, Gm11.3, Gm12.1, Gm12.2, Gm13, and Gm14.2). We noticed that ABRE elements were identified in the promoter regions of all members from BNM2-like, USP-like, and RD22-like subfamily but not BURPV subfamily. DRE sequences were identified in some members of all four subfamilies except BURPV. The results indicate that most of the GmBURP genes may be stress-relative.

Figure 6
figure 6

Promoter sequence analysis of GmBURP genes. The lines represent the promoter sequences. The scale bar on top is 100 bp. ABRE and DRE elements are indicated by ↓ and ▲, respectively.

Full size image

To support the predictions made by PLACE analysis, dehydration and salt-inducible GmBURP genes were screened. Water potential determination results showed that water potential of all samples was lowered under ABA, NaCl, or PEG treatments, indicating that plants were effectively stressed (Figure 7). qRT-PCR was employed to analyze the gene expression on transcriptional level under three different treatments (Figure 8, 9, 10). The result showed that 17 GmBURP genes responded to at least one of the stress treatments. For ABA treatment two genes, Gm04.3, and Gm06.1, and three genes, Gm08.1, Gm12.2, and Gm12.3, were up- and down-regulated, respectively, while 10 genes (Gm01, Gm02, Gm04.1, Gm04.2, Gm06.2, Gm08.3, Gm13, Gm14.1, Gm14.2, Gm18.1) were initially up-regulated and later down-regulated during the later stages of the treatment. After PEG treatment 5 genes (Gm04.1, Gm08.3, Gm14.1, Gm14.2, and Gm18.1) were up-regulated, and 4 genes (Gm06.1, Gm08.1, Gm12.2 and Gm12.3) were down-regulated, while 7 genes (Gm01, Gm02, Gm04.2, Gm04.3, Gm06.2, Gm11.1, and Gm13) were first up and then down-regulated. The expression patterns under NaCl were different: 3 genes, Gm01, Gm02 and Gm14.2, were up-regulated; 2 genes, Gm12.1 and Gm12.2, were down regulated; 9 genes (Gm04.3, Gm04.1, Gm06.1, Gm06.2, Gm07, Gm11.1, Gm13, Gm14.1, and Gm18.1) were first up and then down-regulated; 3 genes, Gm04.2, Gm08.1, and Gm12.3, were first down-regulated and then up-regulated.

Figure 7
figure 7

Soybean leaf water potential (ψ) under three treatments: PEG, NaCl, and ABA. The x-axis is the time courses of treatments. The y-axis is water potential of soybean leaf under stress treatments.

Full size image
Figure 8
figure 8

Expression profiles of GmBURP genes under ABA treatment. The x-axis is the time courses of ABA treatment. The bars from left to right indicate the time courses of treatment for 0 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr for each gene listed below x-axis. The y-axis is the expression levels after normalization to internal control gene CYP2 (data for genes not responding to stress treatments were omitted).

Full size image
Figure 9
figure 9

Expression profiles of GmBURP genes under PEG treatment. The x-axis is the time courses of drought treatment. The bars from left to right indicate the time courses of treatment for 0 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr for each gene listed below the x-axis. The y-axis is the expression levels after normalization to internal control gene CYP2 (data for genes not responding to drought treatment were omitted).

Full size image
Figure 10
figure 10

Expression profile of GmBURP genes under NaCl treatment. The x-axis is the time courses of NaCl treatment. The bars from left to right indicate the time courses of treatment for 0 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr for each gene listed below the x-axis. The y-axis is the expression levels after normalization to internal control gene CYP2 (data for genes not responding to NaCl treatment were omitted).

Full size image

Many GmBURP genes were regulated by more than one of the treatments. Among the 17 stress responsive GmBURP genes, 13 of them responded to all the three treatments; two of them (Gm08.3 and Gm11.1) respond to two different stresses; Gm07 and Gm12.1 only responded to NaCl treatment. More interestingly, two genes, Gm04.1 and Gm07, which were not expressed in leaves, were also stress responsive: Gm04.1 responded to all the three treatments while Gm07 responded to NaCl treatment only. We also noticed that all the members of BNM2-like (except for Gm11.3), RD22-like and BURPV were responsive to at least one treatment. More significantly, RD22-like subfamily genes responded to all three treatments. Some members of other subfamilies also responded to stress treatment: the PG1β-like subfamily had three genes (Gm01, Gm02, and Gm08.3) which were stress responsive, while the USP-like subfamily had four genes, Gm12.2, Gm08.1, Gm12.3, and Gm13, responded to at least one of the three treatments.

The results of qRT-PCR were not always consistent with these of the promoter region analysis. There were no ABRE or DRE elements detected in any of the promoter regions of BURPV family members, but the real-time PCR results showed that all the members of this subfamily were stress responsive. This strongly indicated that some unidentified stress responsive cis-elements may play an important role in regulating the soybean stress response.

Discussion

Structure characteristics of BURP proteins

BURP domain-containing proteins contain three or four distinct modules: (1) an N-terminal hydrophobic domain which is a presumptive signal peptide; (2) a short conserved segment; (3) an optional repetitive region which is unique to each member; and (4) the C-terminal BURP domain [1]. They were classified into four subfamilies by Granger [2], and the structure of the conserved BURP domain was described as CHX10CHX25-27CHX25-26CH [1]. The most obvious characteristics of the BURP domain are 2C residues and 4 CH motifs. More recent report showed that the distance between the last three CH motifs are not always 25-27 and 25-26, respectively, and the domain was newly described as X5-CH-X10-CH-X23-37-CH-X23-26-CH-X8-W [3]. However, the conserved residue F is replaced by W in three BURP domain-containing proteins, Gm14.1, Gm14.2, and Gm18.1. It was also noticed that all the three proteins were from RD22-like subfamily.

A lot of work has been done to reveal the structure of the BURP domain but still little is known about the function of each module. It is through the BURP domain, that SCB1 (Gm07) is localized on the cell wall [12]. The BURP domain of SALI3-2 (Gm12.3) was shown to be a key component for its tolerance to salt. Deletion of the signal peptide of SALI3-2 reduced salt tolerance of transgenic yeast [22]. So, it seems that these two parts are important for the function of BURP proteins. However, the mature PG1β contains only the repeated region after the cleavage site of its transit peptide, and the BURP domain. These two parts form a PG1 complex with catalytic PG2 polypeptide [4, 23, 24]. Despite the conservation of the BURP domains and their sequence similarities, the function of each BURP protein and the roles of each module seem to be greatly varied among plants.

Evolution of BURP genes and divergence of their functions

In total 41 BURP domain-containing proteins from various plants were classified into 5 subfamilies. Members of RD22-like, BNM2-like, USP-like, and BURPV subfamilies were all from dicotyledons, while in PG1β subfamily members can come from both dicotyledon and monocotyledon plants.

The classification of the BURP protein genes may not be final, and it remains unknown how these subgroups evolved. By comparing the surrounding genomic sequences, Hattori [1] proposed that the exons coding the signal peptide and C-terminal BURP region may have been "shuffled" into the various modular protein structures. Hattori also suggested that in view of the highly repetitive nature of the BURP proteins, the amplification of short sequences has also been important during the evolution of the family. The PG1β subfamily BURP proteins from dicotyledons were clustered more closely than the two (Zm22403013 and OsBURP16) from monocotyledons which suggested that BURP genes existed before the divergence of the monocotyledon and dicotyledon lineages. Four GmBURPs (Gm01, Gm02, Gm08.3, and Gm18.2) are more closely clustered with each other than with At15219066 from Arabidopsis and two GmBURP proteins, Gm04.1 and Gm06.3, are more closely clustered than four proteins (LePG1β, LeAroGP1, LeAroGP2, and LeAroGP3) from tomato, indicating that duplications of some BURP genes in Glycine max happened earlier than the divergence of soybean and Arabidopsis or tomato. It is the same in BNM2-like, and USP-like subfamilies, suggesting that the divergence of soybean from faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and oilseed rape happened after the duplication of GmBURP genes.

The location of BURP genes in soybean may also give some insight into the evolution of the gene family. 19 out of 23 BURP genes were found located in duplicated regions (Table 1). 17 out of the 19 BURP genes (Gm01, 02, 04.1, 04.2, 04.3, 06.1, 06.2, 06.3, 08.1, 08.3, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13, 18.1, and 18.2) located in duplicate regions appear to originate from segmental duplications. Gm11.2 and Gm11.3 seem to originate from tandem duplications. Among the 19 BURP genes, Gm04.1, Gm06.1, Gm08.1, Gm11.1 and Gm18.1 were found as single copies, this is not surprising because mass gene losses and chromosome rearrangements following large-scale genome duplication have occurred in soybean [25], leading to losses of about 25% of duplicated genes [26]. The four genes, Gm07, Gm08.2, Gm14.1 and Gm14.2, which are located outside of the duplicated region, might have been produced by retrotransposition. The structure similarity and variation between genes located on the same chromosome and phylogenetic analysis might help to explain the order of duplication evens of the sister genes on the same chromosome. For example, Gm04.2, Gm04.1, and Gm04.3 located in different duplicate regions of the same chromosome, all have two introns flanked by three exons. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that Gm04.2 was more similar to Gm06.2, and Gm04.1 was close to Gm06.3 while Gm04.3 which is located relatively close to Gm04.2 had no duplicate genes on chromosome 6. It is possible that the duplication of the same ancestral gene on chromosome 4 created Gm04.1 and ancestor for Gm04.3 and Gm04.2 then they evolve independently. The intron and exon sequences for ancestor gene elongated for various reasons before it split into Gm04.2 and Gm04.3. Through fragmental duplication the two chromosome fragments, one contains Gm04.1 and the other contains Gm04.2 and Gm04.3 were independently copied to different part of chromosome 6. During the later evolution, the counterpart of Gm04.3 was lost and structures for the counterparts of Gm04.1 and Gm04.2 changed by deletion or insertion of other fragments or partial sequence repeats variations.

Genome blast did not identify any BURP genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii http://genome.jgi-psf.org/, while 18 BURP proteins from Physcomitrella patens subsp.patens were recorded in NCBI protein database. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lives in lakes or other freshwaters, while the moss Physcomitrella patens grows on land, the differences in the BURP distribution indicate that BURP family genes appeared when plants start to move from water to land where the environment became more variable. The origin of BURP genes indicates this gene family may play a role in plant adaptation to adverse environments. According to the phylogenetic analysis, BURP genes from different species were classified into 5 subfamilies, this classification suggests that their functions diversified during evolution. BNM2, expressed during the start of microspore embryogenesis and the corresponding protein is confined to seeds [5, 6, 22], VfUSP, expressed during the early stages of zygotic embryogenesis [8] indicating that proteins in BNM2 and USP subfamilies may have similar functions. PG1β, the non-catalyticβ-subunit of the polygalacturonase isozyme (PG), and SCB1 from soybean seed coat suggest possibly similar functions for the other members in PG1β and BURPV subfamilies. RD22, from Arabidopsis, has been reported to be stress related. It is interesting that during embryogenesis, fruit ripening and seed development the cells need to lose water and store certain materials to fulfil the physical functions. During these processes an in-cell stress environment may be created. It seems possible that the diversified BURP members retain their original of stress response functions. For example, proteins belonging to RD22 subfamily mainly respond to stresses during the vegetative plant development, while members from USP or BNM2 subfamilies respond to stresses during plant reproduction.

Organ or tissue specific expression of GmBURPgenes and their expression under different stress treatments

In the current work, GmBURP gene expression pattern in different tissues and organs and under various stress conditions were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The result showed that some genes with high sequence similarity also have similar expression pattern in different tissues and organs or under different stress conditions. For instance, two genes Gm01 and Gm02, which are similar to each other, were expressed in all eight different tissues and organs and both had very low expression in leaves and seeds, while highly expressed in epicotyls and, under three different stress treatments they all had an up-regulated period. Two closely clustered genes, Gm06.1, and Gm08.1, of the BNM2-like subfamily, were highly expressed in stems and hypocotyls, and responded to all stress treatments. All the GmBURP genes from RD22-like subfamily showed no tissue specificity, and were responsive to all stress treatments. However, not all genes with similar sequences showed the same expression pattern. E.g. Gm06.3 and Gm04.1 are closely clustered and highly similar members of the PG1β-like subfamily. Gm06.3 was expressed in all eight tissues and organs and did not respond to any of the three stress treatments, while Gm04.1 was not expressed in leaves, and respond to all stress treatments. Gm08.3 and Gm18.2 from the same subfamily with high sequence similarity showed different expression patterns, too: Gm08.3 had no expression in leaves, but it responded to ABA or drought treatments. Although Gm18.2 did not expressed in leaves either, it was not responsive to any of the three treatments. Two genes, Gm12.1 and Gm11.2, from the BNM2-subfamily showed the same patterns as Gm08.3 and Gm18.2. Previously described examples also existed in the USP-like family. Sequence similarity indicates that these genes might be the result of relatively recent gene duplication events. The difference of tissue or organ specificity and stress response maybe result from different upstream or downstream regulatory elements or factors.

Through phylogenetic analysis we defined a new subfamily, BURPV, containing two members which are all from soybean. Promoter analysis revealed no ABRE or DRE elements was found in the upstream 2000 bp region of the full length cDNA. Interestingly, all the BURPVgenes responded to at least one stress treatment, suggesting the existence of some unknown stress related cis-element. One member of this new defined subfamily, SCB1 (Gm07), a seed coat specific protein has been reported to have very strict expression pattern [12], but we found that in addition to the strong expression in seeds, it was slightly expressed in cotyledons and stems. Interestingly, despite the lack of expression in leaves, SCB1 was up-regulated by NaCl stress. Another GmBURP gene, Gm04.3, from the new subfamily BURP may also play a role during seed development because it had a similar expression pattern to SCB1 which made it a candidate gene for study of the influence of stress treatments on seed development.

Soybean is very important for the society because it is a major source of oil and protein-rich food. However, the production of soybean is threatened by drought and restricted by poor soil quality. RD22, an Arabidopsis drought responsive gene has been reported for its stress response [15]. All the GmBURP genes belonging to RD22-like subfamily and most of GmBURP genes from other subfamilies are stress responsive. It's worth mentioning that the GmBURP genes Gm04.1, Gm07, and Gm08.3, which had no detectable transcription detected in unstressed leaves, were induced by stress treatments.

Conclusions

The BURP domain-containing proteins are a large family of evolutionarily conserved proteins only found in plants. Members of the family had been reported to be involved in the reproductive development and stress resistance of plants. In this study of the complete soybean genome, we identified 23 BURP proteins. We also propose their classification based on the sequence alignment and previous reports which give insight into the evolutionary relationships of the genes from multiple plant species. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis revealed the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues and under different stress treatments. Most BURP genes showed no tissue specificity and respond to stress treatments. Clearly, there is a need to functionally validate the roles of those genes induced under different stress conditions. Another important finding of the work is that all the members in soybean that belong to RD22 subfamily showed strong response to all three stress treatments. This may indicate that this subfamily specifically acted as a defence against stress in soybeans, and it is likely to play similar roles in other plant species. The results described here will be helpful for the further study of the functions of BURP domain-containing proteins, and for the screening candidate drought resistance genes in soybean and in other plants.

Methods

Identification of BURP family genes in soybean

Four typical BURP gene sequences BNM2 [GenBank: AF049028], USP [Genbank: X13210], RD22 [GenBank: NM_122472], and PG1β [GenBank: M98466] were used to blast against the soybean genome database http://www.phytozome.net/soybean using TBLASTX program. For each query sequence several putative genes located on different chromosomes were found. A data file containing all the information of the target genes including location on the chromosomes, genomic sequences, full CDS sequences, and protein sequences was provided in the above website. Redundant genes were removed manually. The SMART database (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de[27]) and the conserved domain database (CDD) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi were used to confirm each predicted BURP protein.

Phylogenetic tree construction and sequence analysis

To investigate the molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships among BURP proteins in plants, a phylogenetic tree was generated by multi-alignment of BURP domain sequences of all 23 BURP family proteins from soybean and 18 protein sequences from other plants (Arabidopsis, tomato, rice, faba, mangrove, bean, tomato, oilseed rape and maize). The SMART program was used to extract the protein sequences of the BURP domain for each protein [27], and then they were aligned using ClustalX1.83 [28]. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using software MEGA4.0 [29]. Online software Compute pI/Mw http://au.expasy.org/tools/pi_tool.html was used to predict the molecular weight and pI for each predicted BURP protein. SignalP 3.0 Server http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/ and SMART were employed to predict possible signal peptides. Exon-intron organizations of GmBURP genes were determined by comparing predicted coding sequences (CDS) with their corresponding genomic sequences using software GSDS http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/. To analyze whether the motifs in each putative BURP gene implicated in stress responses, the online database PLACE (http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE/index.html[30]) was employed by analyzing the 2000 bp upstream region of the predicted CDS.

Plant growth and treatments

Seeds of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar Zhonghuang13 were germinated in pots containing soil collected from an experimental field of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Beijing, China), and the seedlings were grown in natural environment. To study tissue or organ specific expression, cotyledons, epicotyls, and hypocotyls were collected from five-day-old seedlings, while vegetative tissues such as leaves, stems, and roots were collected from 4-week-old seedlings. Flowers were collected when they were in full bloom. Seeds were collected 2 weeks after flowering. After samples were collected they were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C. For stress treatments, 4-week-old seedlings growing in a chamber were treated with different media containing 100 μm ABA, 150 mM NaCl, and 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, respectively [31]. Seedlings without treatment were used as control. Leaves of the stress-treated plants were collected at time intervals of 0, 2, 5, 8, 12, 24, 48 h (PEG treated samples were collected within 0-12 hours because later collection they would dry up). After collecting all the samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C for RNA extraction. Water potential of soybean leaves was detected at each time interval for all the three treatments with WP4-T Dew Potentiameter (Decagon devices). Three replicates were detected for each sample.

RNA extraction and synthesis of the first-strand cDNA

Total RNA was isolated from frozen samples by using TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen). Genomic DNA was removed by digesting each sample (10 μg of total RNA) with DNaseI (TIANGEN) according to the manufacture's instruction. After DNaseItreatment, 4 μl RNA of each sample was heated at 65°C for 7 min. Then the first-strand cDNA was synthesized in a 20 μl volume containing 0.5 μl AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega), 0.5 μl RNase inhibitor (Promega), 1 μl oligo dT primer, 2 μl dNTP mixture, 4 μl MgCl2 (25 mM), 2 μl 10×reverse transcriptase buffer and 4 μl heat treated RNA sample. Finally, the reaction mixture was incubated at 42°C for 50 min.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis

Gene-specific primers were designed using Primer5.0 and their specificity was checked by observing the melting curve of the RT-PCR products. The Soybean constitutively expressed CYP2 (cyclophilin) gene was used as reference for normalization. The primers are as follows: sense: 5'-CGGGACCAGTGTGCTTCTTCA-3' and antisense: 5'-CCCCTCCACTACAAAGGCTCG-3' [32]. RT-PCR was performed in a 25 μl volume containing 12.5 μl 2×SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ (TaKaRa), 1 μl 50-fold diluted cDNA, 0.15 μl of each gene-specific primer and 11.2 μl ddH2O. The PCR conditions were as follows: 95°C for 3 min, 45 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 57°C for 15 s and 72°C for 20 s. Three replicates were used for each sample. Reaction was conducted on a CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad). All data were analyzed using the CFX Manager Software (Bio-Rad).

References

  1. Hattori J, Boutilier KA, van Lookeren Campagne MM, Miki BL: A conserved BURP domain defines a novel group of plant proteins with unusual primary structure. Mol Gen Genet. 1998, 259: 424-428. 10.1007/s004380050832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Granger C, Coryell V, Khanna A, Keim P, Vodkin L, Shoemaker RC: Identification, structure, and differential expression of members of a BURP domain containing protein family in soybean. Genome. 2002, 45: 693-701. 10.1139/g02-032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ding X-P, Xin H, Kabin X, Lizhong X: Genome-wide identification of BURP domain-containing genes in rice reveals a gene family with diverse structures and responses to abiotic stresses. Planta. 2009, 230: 149-163. 10.1007/s00425-009-0929-z.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zheng L, Heupel RC, DellaPenna D: The beta subunit of tomato fruit polygalacturonase isoenzyme 1: isolation, characterization, and identification of unique structural features. Plant Cell. 1992, 4: 1147-1156. 10.1105/tpc.4.9.1147.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Boutilier KA, Gines MJ, DeMoor JM, Huang B, Baszczynski CL, Lyer VN, Miki BL: Expression of the BnmNAP subfamily of napin genes coincides with the induction of Brassica microspore embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol. 1994, 26: 1711-1723. 10.1007/BF00019486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Teerawanichpan Prapapan, Xia Qun, Caldwell Sarah, Datla Raju, Selvaraj Gopalan: Protein storage vacuoles of Brassica napus zyotic embryos accumulate a BURP domain protein and perturbation of its production distorts the PSV. Plant Mol Biol. 2009, 71: 331-343. 10.1007/s11103-009-9541-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Treacy BK, Hattori J, Prud'homme I, Barbour E, Boutilier K, Baszczynski CL, Huang B, Johnson DA, Miki BL: Bnm1, a Brassica pollen-specific gene. Plant Mol Biol. 1997, 34: 603-611. 10.1023/A:1005851801107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bassüner R, Bäumlein H, Huth A, Jung R, Wobus U, Rapoport TA, Saalbach G, Müntz K: Abundant embryonic mRNA in field bean(Vicia faba L.) codes for a new class of seed proteins: cDNA cloning and characterization of the primary translation product. Plant Mol Biol. 1998, 11: 321-334. 10.1007/BF00027389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chesnokov Y, Meister A, and Manteuffel R: A chimeric green fluorescent protein gene as an embryonic marker in transgenic cell culture of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Plant Sci. 2002, 162: 59-77. 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00532-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen L, Miyazaki C, Kojima A, Saito A, and Adachi A: Isolation and characterization of a gene expressed during early embryo sac development in apomictic guinea grass (Panicum maximum). J Plant Physiol. 1999, 154: 55-62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Watson CF, Zheng L, DellaPenna D: Reduction of tomato polygalacturonase beta subunit expression affects pectin solubilization and degradation during fruit ripening. Plant Cell. 1994, 6: 1623-1634. 10.1105/tpc.6.11.1623.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Batchelor AK, Boutilier K, Miller SS, Hattori J, Bowman LA, Hu M, Lantin S, Johnson DA, Miki BL: SCB1, a BURP-domain protein gene, from developing soybean seed coats. Planta. 2002, 215: 523-532. 10.1007/s00425-002-0798-1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang A, Xia Q, Xie W, Datla R, Selvaraj G: The classical Ubisch bodies carry a sporophytically produced structural protein (PAFTIN) that is essential for pollen development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 14487-14492. 10.1073/pnas.2231254100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Son Le Van, Tiedemann Jens, Rutten Twan, Hiller Stefan, Hinz Giselbert, Zank Thorsten, Manteuffel Renate, Baumlein Helmut: The BURP domain protein AtUSPL1 of Arabidopsis thaliana is destined to the protein storage vacuoles and overexpression of the cognate gene distorts seed development. Plant Mol Biol. 2009, 71: 319-329. 10.1007/s11103-009-9526-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: The plant hormone abscisic acid mediates the drought-induced expression but not the seed-specific expression of rd22, a gene responsive to dehydration stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet. 1993, 238: 17-25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Abe H, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Urao T, Iwasaki T, Hosokawa D, Shinozaki K: Role of Arabidopsis MYC and MYB homologs in drought- and abscisic acid-regulated gene expression. Plant Cell. 1997, 9: 1859-1868. 10.1105/tpc.9.10.1859.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Datta N, LaFayette PR, Kroner PA, Nagao RT, Key JL: Isolation and characterization of three families of auxin down-regulated cDNA clones. Plant Mol Biol. 1993, 21: 859-869. 10.1007/BF00027117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ragland M, Soliman KM: Sali5-4a and Sali3-2, two genes induced by aluminum in soybean roots. Plant Physiol. 1997, 114: 555-560.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Yu S, Zhang L, Zuo K, Li Z, Tang K: Isolation and characterization of a BURP domain-containing gene BnBDC1 from Brassica napus involved in abiotic and biotic stress. Physiol Plant. 2004, 122: 210-218. 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00391.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Narusaka Y, Nakashima K, Shinwari ZK, Sakuma Y, Furihata T, Abe H, Narusaka M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K: Interaction between two cis-acting elements, ABRE and DRE, in ABA-dependent expression of Arabidopsis rd29A gene in response to dehydration and high-salinity stresses. Plant J. 2003, 34: 137-148. 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01708.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pla M, Vilardell J, Guiltinan MJ, Marcotte WR, Niogret MF, Quatrano RS, Pages M: The cis-regulatory element CCACGTGG is involved in ABA and water-stress responses of the maize gene rab28. Plant Mol Biol. 1993, 21: 259-266. 10.1007/BF00019942.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tang Y-L, Li X-J, Zhong Y-T, Zhang Y-Z: Functional analysis of soybean SALI3-2 in yeast. J Shenzhen Univ Sci Eng. 2007, 24: 324-330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pogson BJ, Brady CJ, Orr GR: On the occurrence and structure of subunits of endopolygalacturonase isoforms in mature-green and ripening tomato fruits. Aust J Plnat Physilol. 1991, 18: 65-79. 10.1071/PP9910065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zheng L, Watson CF, DellaPenna D: Differential expression of the two subunits of tomato polygalacturonase isoenzyme 1 in wild-type rin tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 1994, 105: 1189-1195.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Schlueter Jessica, Dixon Phillip, Granger Cheryl, Grant David, Clark Lynn, Doyle J, Shoemaker Randy: Mining EST databases to resolve evolutionary events in major crop species. Genome. 2004, 47: 868-876. 10.1139/g04-047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Shoemaker Randy, Schlueter Jassica, Doyle Jeff: Paleopolyploid and gene duplication in soybean and other legumes. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2006, 9: 104-109. 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Letunic I, Copley RR, Schmidt S, Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, Schultz J, Ponting CP, Bork P: SMART 4.0: towards genomic data integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32: D142-D144. 10.1093/nar/gkh088.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG: The CLUSTER_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 4876-4882. 10.1093/nar/25.24.4876.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M: MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform. 2004, 5: 150-163. 10.1093/bib/5.2.150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Higo K, Ugawa Y, Iwamoto M, Korenaga T: Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements (PLACE) database: 1999. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999, 27: 297-300. 10.1093/nar/27.1.297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Du Q-L, Cui W-Z, Zhang C-H, Yu D-Y: GmRFP1 encodes a previous unknown RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in Soybean (Glycine max). Mol Biol Rep. 2010, 37: 685-693. 10.1007/s11033-009-9535-1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jian B, Liu B, Bi Y, Hou W, Wu C, Han T: Validation of internal control for gene expression study in soybean by quantitative real-time PCR. BMC Mol Biol. 2008, 23: 9-59.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank the Returned Overseas Scholar Special Fund of Beijing for financial support. HX would like to thank Wan Ping, associate professor from school of life sciences, Capital Normal University, for all the help with bioinformatics. On behalf all the authors, HX would like to thank Dr. Tobias Kieser from UK for all the advices on the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China

    Hongliang Xu, Yaxuan Li, Yueming Yan, Ke Wang, Ya Gao & Yingkao Hu

Authors
  1. Hongliang Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yaxuan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yueming Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ke Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ya Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yingkao Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yingkao Hu.

Additional information

Authors' contributions

HX, YL, KW carried out all experiments and preparation of cDNA for qRT-PCR analysis. HX performed all qRT-PCR analysis and, in conjunction with YH, carried out and analyzed all the bioinformatics analysis. HX, YH, YY, and YG conceived the study, planned experiments, and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xu, H., Li, Y., Yan, Y. et al. Genome-scale identification of Soybean BURP domain-containing genes and their expression under stress treatments. BMC Plant Biol 10, 197 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-197

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-197

Keywords

BMC Plant Biology

ISSN: 1471-2229

Contact us