Figure 4.

Plants from conspecific stands undergo increased specialist herbivory compared to plants from heterospecific stands. Panel a: Numbers of plants with and without the root herbivore, Agapeta zoegana, or evidence of damage from root herbivores in conspecific (high density) and heterospecific (low density) stands of C. maculosa. For each density level n = 26 plants. Chi-square = 7.08, p = 0.008. Panel b: Urophora spp. found in C. maculosa stands. Panel c: Seed heads parasitized by Urophora spp. in C. maculosa stands.