Research article

Human CD57⁺ germinal center-T cells are the major helpers for GC-B cells and induce class switch recombination

Jong R Kim¹ , Hyung W Lim^1,2 , Seung G Kang¹ , Peter Hillsamer³ and Chang H Kim^1,2

¹  Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Pathobiology; Purdue Cancer Center; Bindley Bioscience Center, VPTH Room 126, 725 Harrison St. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

²  Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

³  Sagamore Surgical Center, Lafayette, IN 47909, USA

author email corresponding author email

BMC Immunology 2005, 6:3doi:10.1186/1471-2172-6-3

Published:	4 February 2005

Abstract

Background

The function of CD57⁺ CD4⁺ T cells, constituting a major subset of germinal center T (GC-Th) cells in human lymphoid tissues, has been unclear. There have been contradictory reports regarding the B cell helping function of CD57⁺ GC-Th cells in production of immunoglobulin (Ig). Furthermore, the cytokine and co-stimulation requirement for their helper activity remains largely unknown. To clarify and gain more insight into their function in helping B cells, we systematically investigated the capacity of human tonsil CD57⁺ GC-Th cells in inducing B cell Ig synthesis.

Results

We demonstrated that CD57⁺ GC-Th cells are highly efficient in helping B cell production of all four subsets of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) compared to other T-helper cells located in germinal centers or interfollicular areas. CD57⁺ GC-Th cells were particularly more efficient than other T cells in helping GC-B cells but not naïve B cells. CD57⁺ GC-Th cells induced the expression of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and class switch recombination in developing B cells. IgG1-3 and IgA1 were the major Ig isotypes induced by CD57⁺ GC-Th cells. CD40L, but not IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ, was critical in CD57⁺ GC-Th cell-driven B cell production of Ig. However, IL-10, when added exogenously, significantly enhanced the helper activity of CD57⁺ GC-Th cells, while TGF-β1 completely and IFN-γ partially suppressed the CD57⁺ GC-Th cell-driven Ig production.

Conclusions

CD57⁺CD4⁺ T cells in the germinal centers of human lymphoid tissues are the major T helper cell subset for GC-B cells in Ig synthesis. Their helper activity is consistent with their capacity to induce AID and class switch recombination, and can be regulated by CD40L, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β.