Figure 7.

TNF suppression by ketamine was tested after 6, 10, 14, 18 and 24 hours exposure in the presence of vancomycin at 20 μg/mL and RAW264 macrophage stimulation with either LAC (upper panel) or MW2 (lower panel) CA-MRSA strains. Bacteria were added at a final concentration of 10⁵ to10⁷ CFU/mL (retrospective confirmation) in the presence of vancomycin at 20 μg/mL. The ketamine concentration was 100 μM. Results are depicted as percentile reduction with 95% confidence intervals, i.e., the percent of TNF reduction at the specific exposure time that occurs in comparison to inoculation without ketamine at the same time. The "*" indicates statistically significant difference at p < 0.05.