Research article

Large-scale analysis of Macaca fascicularis transcripts and inference of genetic divergence between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta

Naoki Osada¹ , Katsuyuki Hashimoto¹ , Yosuke Kameoka¹ , Makoto Hirata¹ , Reiko Tanuma¹ , Yasuhiro Uno² , Itsuro Inoue³ , Munetomo Hida⁴ , Yutaka Suzuki⁵ , Sumio Sugano⁵ , Keiji Terao⁶ , Jun Kusuda¹ and Ichiro Takahashi¹

¹  Department of Biomedical Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan

²  Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainain, Japan

³  Division of Genetic Diagnosis, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

⁴  International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

⁵  Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

⁶  Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Japan

author email corresponding author email

BMC Genomics 2008, 9:90doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-90

Published:	24 February 2008

Abstract

Background

Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are widely used as experimental animals in biomedical research and are closely related to other laboratory macaques, such as rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). We isolated 85,721 clones and determined 9407 full-insert sequences from cynomolgus monkey brain, testis, and liver. These sequences were annotated based on homology to human genes and stored in a database, QFbase http://genebank.nibio.go.jp/qfbase/ webcite.

Results

We found that 1024 transcripts did not represent any public human cDNA sequence and examined their expression using M. fascicularis oligonucleotide microarrays. Significant expression was detected for 544 (51%) of the unidentified transcripts. Moreover, we identified 226 genes containing exon alterations in the untranslated regions of the macaque transcripts, despite the highly conserved structure of the coding regions. Considering the polymorphism in the common ancestor of cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and the rate of PCR errors, the divergence time between the two species was estimated to be around 0.9 million years ago.

Conclusion

Transcript data from Old World monkeys provide a means not only to determine the evolutionary difference between human and non-human primates but also to unveil hidden transcripts in the human genome. Increasing the genomic resources and information of macaque monkeys will greatly contribute to the development of evolutionary biology and biomedical sciences.