Figure 2.

Schematic diagram of central carbon and nitrogen metabolisms for validamycin A production in strain 5008. Red arrows and characters represent metabolic pathways and precursors directly related to VAL-A biosynthesis, respectively. Numbers in parentheses indicated copy numbers of annotated proteins or complexes in the metabolic pathways. Abbreviation: Glc, glucose; Mal, maltose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; FBP, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; ALD, alanine dehydrogenase; GS, glutamine synthetase; GOGAT, glutamate synthase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase.