Table 1

Asymmetry of overall wing size for females raised at 18°C Drosophila subobscura flies raised from inbred (isogenic) and outbred crosses reared at 18°C. Centroid size (CS, estimated in a normalized form [22]) is the dependent variable (values in pixels²: 1 mm = 144 pixels). The ANOVAs assess measurement error, directional asymmetry (Sides effect), fluctuating asymmetry (Individuals × Sides interaction effect), and genetic components of the trait () and DA of the trait ((DA)). (CS) and (DA_CS) provide here unbiased estimates of the among-fly (i.e. ) and within-fly ( or FA) special environmental effects. (⊂ means 'nested in'.)

Inbred

Outbred

Source of variation

Variance component

d.f.

Mean Square

Estimated variance

d.f.

Mean Square

Estimated variance

Individuals (I)

107

39.747***

9.6175

215

45.773***

11.2830

Karyotypes (K)

(CS)

2

114.593^n.s.

0.1389

5

214.204^n.s.

0.7014

Cross ⊂ K

(CS)

15

94.589***

2.7352

30

113.199***

3.4726

Among flies

(CS)

90

28.944***

6.9166

180

29.857***

7.3040

Sides (S)

1

15.982***

1

18.549***

I × S

(CS)

107

1.278***

0.5467

215

0.641***

0.2225

Karyotypes (K)

(DA_CS)

2

0.067^n.s.

-0.0520

5

0.457^n.s.

-0.0123

Cross ⊂ K

(DA_CS)

15

1.938^¶

0.1239

30

0.899^¶

0.0492

Within flies

(DA_CS)

90

1.194***

0.5051

180

0.603***

0.2036

Measurement error

(CS)

216

0.184

0.1841

432

0.196

0.1962

Average CS for left (L) and right (R) wings: inbred females = 0.9918 mm, = 0.9891 ; outbred females = 1.0022, = 1.0002.

^n.s. P > 0.10; ^¶ 0.10 >P > 0.05; *** P < 0.001.

Santos et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005 5:7   doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-7