Table 1

Estimates of divergence time among eukaryotes
Nodea
 Comparison
 Proteinsb
 Amino acids (MG)
 Divergence time estimates (Ma) from different methodsc





Total
 MG
 SG
MGGLS
 MGLLS
 SGGLS
 SGLLS
 SGLDT
 SGLPL
 Summary
5
 Arthropoda vs. Vertebrata
 151
 120
 82
 49,644
 1,070 ± 101
 964 ± 132
 942 ± 101
 908 ± 132
 975 ± 86
 994 ± 21
 976 ± 97 (786–1166)
6
 Cnidaria vs. Bilateria
 26
 19
 17
 6,790
 1,288 ± 71
 1,136 ± 76
 1,314 ± 71
 1,243 ± 76
 1,339 ± 210
 1,468 ± 74
 1,298 ± 74 (1153–1443)
7
 Porifera vs. Eumetazoa
 22
 19
 17
 7,090
 1,382 ± 151
 1,282 ± 122
 1,341 ± 151
 1,285 ± 122
 1,361 ± 211
 1,457 ± 54
 1,351 ± 120 (1116–1586)
9
 Pyrenomycetes vs Plectomycetes
 29
 18
 12
 8,952
 591 ± 75
 559 ± 67
 435 ± 75
 564 ± 67
 654 ± 62
 500 ± 19
 551 ± 61 (431–671)
10
 Candida vs. Saccharomyces
 29
 21
 18
 8,918
 718 ± 108
 714 ± 95
 834 ± 108
 743 ± 95
 725 ± 65
 604 ± 14
 723 ± 84 (558–888)
11
 Hemiascomycetes vs. filamentous Ascomycota
 51
 33
 31
 11,683
 1,071 ± 125
 1,031 ± 103
 1,066 ± 125
 981 ± 103
 915 ± 54
 826 ± 16
 982 ± 94 (798–1166)
12
 Archiascomycetes vs. other Ascomycota
 72
 56
 45
 24,348
 1,119 ± 83
 956 ± 93
 1,056 ± 83
 994 ± 93
 1,011 ± 37
 920 ± 12
 1,009 ± 73 (866–1152)
13
 Basidiomycota vs. Ascomycota
 41
 27
 19
 8,504
 1,056 ± 165
 1,021 ± 112
 969 ± 165
 927 ± 112
 975 ± 48
 862 ± 25
 968 ± 116 (741–1195)
14
 Mucorales/Blastocladiales vs. Basidiomycota/Ascomycota
 24
 16
 15
 5,202
 1,056 ± 61
 1,022 ± 54
 921 ± 61
 901 ± 54
 935 ± 50
 845 ± 24
 947 ± 51 (847–1047)
15
 Fungi vs. animals
 188
 92
 69
 31,362
 1,594 ± 106
 1,492 ± 46
 1,511 ± 106
 1,449 ± 46
 1,435 ± 225
 1,594 ± 24
 1,513 ± 66 (1384–1642)
17
 Mosses vs. vascular plants
 51
 47
 46
 4,898
 777 ± 103
 702 ± 127
 677 ± 103
 638 ± 127
 1,006 ± 62
 742 ± 28
 707 ± 98 (515–899)
18
 Chlorophytan green algae vs. higher plants
 74
 63
 58
 14,333
 1,055 ± 76
 946 ± 145
 921 ± 76
 901 ± 145
 1,138 ± 45
 845 ± 22
 968 ± 93 (786–1150)
19
 Rhodophyta vs. Chlorophyta+Embryophyta
 50
 46
 43
 8,673
 1,465 ± 109
 1,449 ± 71
 1,507 ± 109
 1,382 ± 71
 1,445 ± 34
 1,319 ± 27
 1,428 ± 77 (1277–1579)
20
 Plants vs. animals
 188
 143
 99
 60,274
 1,554 ± 67
 1,524 ± 53
 1,486 ± 67
 1,502 ± 53
 1,708 ± 283
 1,878 ± 26
 1,609 ± 60 (1491–1727)
21
 Alveolates vs. plants+animals+fungi
 76
 60
 44
 21,031
 2,086 ± 83
 1,807 ± 95
 2,011 ± 83
 1,903 ± 95
 1,972 ± 49
 2,057 ± 35
 1,973 ± 78 (1820–2126)
22
 Euglenozoans vs. plants+animals+fungi
 99
 80
 52
 27,759
 1,968 ± 56
 1,887 ± 68
 2,018 ± 56
 1,863 ± 68
 2,010 ± 61
 2,020 ± 35
 1,961 ± 57 (1849–2073)
23
 Giardia vs. plants+animals+fungi
 45
 32
 28
 11,251
 2,276 ± 202
 2,421 ± 258
 2,424 ± 202
 2,287 ± 258
 2,153 ± 69
 2,295 ± 51
 2,309 ± 194 (1929–2689)

a-nodes correspond to the eukaryote phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2). Nodes 1–4 are fossil times and nodes 8 and 16 are phylogenetically constrained (see legend to Fig. 2) and are not shown. b-MG, constant rate proteins used in multigene analyses; SG, proteins used in supergene (concatenated) analyses. c-all error terms, except those for SGLDT, are standard errors of the mean. For SGLDT, the standard deviation is presented, and "credibility intervals" (asymmetric) for that method are presented in Supplemental Table 1 (see 1). Averages of all times and standard errors, excluding one outlier (italics), are shown in the column labeled "Summary," along with the 95% confidence interval.

Hedges et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:2   doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2