Table 10 |
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Predictions about imprinting effects in haplodiploid social insects. |
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|
Behavior |
Expressed in |
Under condition(s) |
Action of patrigenes |
Action of matrigenes |
|
|
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|
Suppressing excess demands by female larvae (Table 5) |
Workers |
Any queen or mate number |
Less suppressive |
More suppressive |
|
|
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|
Suppressing excess demands by male larvae (Table 6) |
Workers |
Any queen or mate number |
More suppressive |
Less suppressive |
|
|
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|
Competition among coeval queens or foundresses (Table 2) |
Reproductive females |
One queen, singly mated |
Less competitive |
More competitive |
|
One queen, mated more than twice |
More competitive |
Less competitive |
||
|
Multiple related queens, singly mated |
Usually less competitive |
Usually more competitive |
||
|
Multiple unrelated queens, singly mated |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
||
|
|
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|
Sex ratio: e.g. killing male larvae, harassing male adults (Table 3) |
Workers |
Any queen or mate number |
Favor females |
Favor males |
|
Queens |
Any queen or mate number |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
|
|
|
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|
Helping queen(s) or leaving to reproduce (Table 4) |
Females |
One queen, singly mated, benefits not sex-biased |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
|
One queen, singly mated, benefits female biased |
More altruistic |
More selfish |
||
|
One queen, singly mated, benefits male biased |
More selfish |
More altruistic |
||
|
One queen, singly mated, split sex ratios |
More altruistic in female-biased; more selfish in male-biased |
More selfish in female-biased; more altruistic in male-biased |
||
|
One queen, more than 2 mates |
More selfish |
More altruistic |
||
|
Multiple queens, benefits not sex-biased |
More selfish |
More altruistic |
||
|
Workers (Table 5) |
All |
Aid selfishness |
Force helping |
|
|
|
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|
Adding a daughter queen, or replacing old queen with daughter queen (Table 2 or 4) |
Daughter queen to be added |
One queen, singly mated |
No imprinting or less in favor |
No imprinting or more in favor |
|
One queen, more than 2 mates |
More in favor |
Less in favor |
||
|
Many related queens |
Depends on specific conditions |
Depends on specific conditions |
||
|
Old queen |
Any queen or mate number |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
|
|
Workers (Table 5) |
Any queen or mate number |
Favors daughter queens more |
Favors old queens more |
|
|
|
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|
Female affected |
One queen, singly mated |
No imprinting or worker |
No imprinting or queen |
|
|
One queen, more than 2 mates |
Queen |
Worker |
||
|
Many related queens, new queens from single generation of old queens |
Usually queen |
Usually worker |
||
|
Old queen |
Any queen or mate number |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
|
|
Workers (Table 5) |
Any queen or mate number |
Favors queen more |
Favors worker more |
|
|
|
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|
Division of colony between mother queen and daughter (Table 4) |
Daughter queen |
One queen, singly mated No sex ratio bias |
Unimprinted |
Unimprinted |
|
Daughter queen |
One queen, multiply mated |
Favor self more |
Favor mother queen more |
|
|
Mother queen |
Any mate number |
Unimprinted |
Unimprinted |
|
|
Workers (Table 5) |
Any mate number |
Favor daughter queen more |
Favor old queen more |
|
|
|
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|
Excess food demands (Table 4) |
Female larvae |
One queen, singly mated, no sex bias |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
|
One queen, more than 2 mates |
More demanding |
Less demanding |
||
|
Many queens |
Depends on queen number & relatedness |
Depends on queen number & relatedness |
||
|
|
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|
Laying of eggs in queenless colonies |
Workers |
One queen, singly mated |
Lay fewer eggs, help more |
Lay more eggs, help less |
|
One queen, mated more than twice |
Lay more eggs, help less |
Lay fewer eggs, help more |
||
|
Multiple related queens, singly mated |
Lay more eggs, help less |
Lay fewer eggs Help more, |
||
|
|
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|
Replacement of queen's male eggs by worker's male egg (Table 7) |
Replacing worker |
Any queen or mate number |
Lay male eggs |
Lay fewer eggs |
|
|
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|
Policing of worker male eggs in queenright colonies (Table 8) |
Other workers |
Any queen or mate number |
Less prone to police |
More prone to police |
|
|
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|
Queen killing to allow worker male production (Table 8) |
Workers other than the egg layer |
Any queen or mate number |
More prone to kill queen? |
Less prone to kill queen? |
|
|
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|
Colonymate discrimination |
Workers |
Neighboring colonies have related queen, unrelated queen mates |
Discriminate more |
Discriminate less |
|
Most other structures |
No imprinting |
No imprinting |
||
|
|
||||
|
Patriline discrimination |
Workers |
One queen, multiply mated |
Discriminate more |
Discriminate less |
|
|
||||
|
Matriline discrimination |
Workers |
Multiple singly-mated related queens |
Discriminate more |
Discriminate less |
|
|
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|
When costs and benefits are said to be female biased, it means more female biased than the population sex ratio (f/m > F/M). Males are assumed to be queen produced unless otherwise noted. |
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|
Queller BMC Evolutionary Biology 2003 3:15 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-3-15 |
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