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GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex regulates Lhx9 gene expression in murine heart development

BMC Developmental Biology volume 8, Article number: 67 (2008) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

GATA4 and FOG2 proteins are required for normal cardiac development in mice. It has been proposed that GATA4/FOG2 transcription complex exercises its function through gene activation as well as repression; however, targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in the heart remain elusive.

Results

Here we report identification of the Lhx9 gene as a direct target of the GATA4/FOG2 complex. We demonstrate that the developing mouse heart normally expresses truncated isoforms of Lhx9 – Lhx9α and Lhx9β, and not the Lhx9-HD isoform that encodes a protein with an intact homeodomain. At E9.5 Lhx9α/β expression is prominent in the epicardial primordium, septum transversum while Lhx9-HD is absent from this tissue; in the E11.5 heart LHX9α/β-positive cells are restricted to the epicardial mesothelium. Thereafter in the control hearts Lhx9α/β epicardial expression is promptly down-regulated; in contrast, mouse mutants with Fog2 gene loss fail to repress Lhx9α/β expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from the E11.5 hearts demonstrated that Lhx9 is a direct target for GATA4 and FOG2. In transient transfection studies the expression driven by the cis-regulatory regions of Lhx9 was repressed by FOG2 in the presence of intact GATA4, but not the GATA4ki mutant that is impaired in its ability to bind FOG2.

Conclusion

In summary, the Lhx9 gene represents the first direct target of the GATA4/FOG2 repressor complex in cardiac development.

Background

Unlike many developing organs that remain dormant until the time of birth, a properly functioning embryonic heart is essential for embryo survival. Hence, defects in cardiac function are a common cause for embryonic lethality. Gene targeting in mice revealed multiple genes that are required for cardiac development and function; however, the interplay between these genes often remains a mystery. This is especially true for genes encoding for transcription factors which are expressed in a dynamic fashion in various cellular compartments that constitute the developing heart.

Friend of GATA, member 2 gene (FOG2, ZFPM2 – Mouse Genome Informatics) is prominently expressed in multiple cell types that constitute the embryonic heart [1]. To examine the function for FOG2 in cardiac development gene-targeted mice have been generated [2]. Fog2-/- (null) embryos die at mid-gestation (~E13.5) with a cardiac defect characterized by an atrial septal defect, thin ventricular myocardium, common atrioventricular (AV) canal and the Tetralogy of Fallot malformation. Of particular additional interest is the finding that the development of cardiac vasculature was blocked in Fog2-/- mice. Despite the apparently normal formation of an intact epicardial layer and expression of epicardium-specific genes in Fog2 null mutants, markers of cardiac vessel development (ICAM-2 and KDR) are not detected, indicative of failure to activate their expression and/or to initiate the epithelial to mesenchymal transformation of epicardial cells [2, 3]. These results are particularly insightful with respect to KDR, since KDR (FLK1, VEGFR2), the major receptor for VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), is an important marker of vascular cells and is absolutely essential for vascular development (e.g. [4], see [5] for a review).

Although gene targeting revealed the requirement for FOG2 in multiple aspects of cardiac development, the specific genetic program (or programs) downstream of FOG2 remained unknown. Research by us and others established that multi-type zinc-finger proteins of the FOG family (FOG1, FOG2, xFOG and dUSH) control biological activities of GATA transcription factors (for review, see [6, 7]). Based on the results from the hematopoietic system it has been suggested that FOG proteins serve as co-factors for GATA family members by forming a GATA/FOG complex on specific GATA sites. Indeed, differentially regulated genes have been identified for GATA1-FOG1 complex vs. GATA1 alone in blood development (e.g. [8]. Furthermore, these studies demonstrated that FOG1 could stimulate or inhibit GATA1 activity depending on cell and promoter context [9]. For example, FOG1 stimulates GATA1 activity on the p45 NF-E2 gene promoter, which is active in erythroid cells and megakaryocytes [10]; however, it represses GATA1 activity on the erythroid-specific Eklf and transferrin receptor II promoters, as well as on a synthetic GATA1-dependent promoter [11, 12]

Earlier studies aimed at the similar characterization of the GATA4-FOG2 relationship with respect to cardiac development relied on transient transfection assays with well-characterized Anf, Bnp and α-Mhc promoters that contain GATA sites [13, 14]. However, these genes are normally expressed in mutant Fog2 null or Gata4ki/kihearts (the V217G Gata4 mutation [15] which specifically cripples the interaction between GATA4 and FOG proteins) arguing against the essential role for GATA4/FOG2 complex in their regulation [2, 15, 16]. Hence, transcriptional targets of GATA4/FOG2 complex in the heart are currently unknown.

The cardiac Gata4ki/kiphenotype showed numerous similarities to the Fog2 null heart underscoring the role for GATA4/FOG2 protein complex in cardiac gene regulation [15]. However, the mode of GATA4/FOG2 action, as a repressor or activator, remains unclear and necessitates identification of its downstream targets. In order to identify the targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in the mammalian heart we performed several Affymetrix microarray comparisons of gene expression in normal and mutant E13.5 hearts. As many groups have identified the regions in FOG proteins that mediate their function as GATA co-repressors [17–22], we expected that gene up-regulation (de-repression) should be, at least partially, responsible for causing cardiac syndrome in the GATA4/FOG2 mutants.

Here we describe one of the targets of GATA4/FOG2 complex in its transcriptional repressor role, Lhx9 gene. LHX9 belongs to the family of the LIM-HD (LIM-homeodomain) proteins. The roles for the majority of LIM-HD encoding genes have been mostly defined in the context of nervous system development where they act to specify neuronal identities of post-mitotic neurons (reviewed in [23]). LIM-HD genes act in a context-dependent fashion, cooperating with other factors to establish enormous diversity of the nervous system [24]. The function for LHX9 was proposed in the development of the nervous system as this gene is prominently expressed in the motoneurons of the spinal cord and in the developing brain [25–28]. Despite this prominent neuronal expression pattern, knockout of Lhx9 in mice did not affect animal viability or neuronal development probably reflecting a redundancy of Lhx9 and its close structural relative, Lhx2 [29]; unexpectedly, the knockout revealed a requirement for Lxh9 in early gonad formation [29]. Our studies demonstrate that GATA4/FOG2 transcription complex regulates Lhx9 cardiac expression and suggest that the role for Lhx9 in the development of the heart should be evaluated.

Results

Cardiac expression of the Lhx9gene splicing isoforms

In order to identify the targets of GATA4/FOG2 action in mammalian heart development we performed an Affymetrix microarray comparison of gene expression in normal and Fog2 null E13.5 hearts. The microarray profiling yielded surprisingly few genes that were differentially (~2.5 times up- or down-regulated) expressed in the mutant samples vs. controls (Additional File 1 and data not shown). Importantly, the probe set corresponding to the Fog2 gene deletion was absent in the Fog2 null sample, as was expected.

One of the probe sets differentially represented in the control vs. Fog2 mutant RNA sample corresponded to the Lhx9 gene (~3 times; Additional File 1) encoding the LHX9 protein that belongs to the family of the LIM-HD (LIM-homeodomain) transcription factors [23]. The major research interest of this laboratory is in the transcriptional regulation of cardiac development; hence we decided to pursue the FOG2-Lhx9 connection. To correctly evaluate the microarray data it was critical to identify the actual mRNA species corresponding to the microarray oligonucleotide probe set. The NCBI database predicts three different mouse isoforms of Lhx9 mRNA; two of these isoforms have been described previously, while the third isoform has not been characterized. Originally identified transcript 3 encodes a 397 amino acid (aa) long protein with intact homeodomain (HD) that is competent to bind DNA [26, 27]; this isoform is further referred to as Lhx9-HD. A previously described isoform, Lhx9α, encodes a 330 aa protein with truncated HD and a different C terminus [30]; finally, the uncharacterized transcript (variant 2) would encode a 321 aa protein that has a different N-terminus in addition to a truncated HD (Fig 1A, B). We will refer to the un-characterized isoform as Lhx9β.

Figure 1
figure 1

Alternative splicing isoforms of Lhx9. A. Splicing isoforms of the mouse Lhx9 gene as predicted by the NCBI and Ensembl databases and (B) the proteins they encode. (I). Transcript variant 3 (NM_001042577; ENSMUST00000112026) encodes for a 397 amino acid (aa) long protein with intact homeodomain (HD); (II). Transcript variant 1 (NM_001025565; ENSMUST00000019374) encodes for a 330aa protein LHX9α with a truncated HD and a different C terminus; (III) Transcript variant 2 (NM_010714; ENSMUST00000112030) is the uncharacterized transcript and would encode for a 321aa protein LHX9β that has a different N-terminus in addition to a truncated HD. Black boxes represent coding exons; white boxes show untranslated regions; blue and purple filled boxes represent LIM domains 1 and 2; red fill shows HD; the sizes for all exons (bps) are shown for each isoform. The Ensembl annotation predicts much longer 3'-untranslated regions for transcripts 1 (II) and 2 (III); these, however, were not detected previously [30] and could not be confirmed by us experimentally or by a BLASTN search against the EST database (not shown).

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It has been reported previously that in situ hybridization using S35-labeled isoform-specific RNA probes detects Lhx9α expression in the developing E13.5 heart, while the full-length HD-encoding Lhx9-HD is not detected [30]. To corroborate and extend this data we designed the primers that discriminate between all three isoforms of Lhx9 and performed real-time PCR analysis. By real time RT-PCR we have determined that the major Lhx9 isoform expressed in the developing heart at E13.5 corresponds to Lhx9α, while Lhx9β transcript is expressed at a somewhat lower level (Fig 2A). Cardiac expression of Lhx9 is under strict developmental control: qRT-PCR analysis of total heart RNA demonstrated that combined Lhx9 expression corresponding to both expressed isoforms (Lhx9α+β) is down-regulated between E11.5 and E14.5 approximately 7-fold (Fig 2B); during the same time period Fog2 gene expression is increasing (Fig 2C).

Figure 2
figure 2

Quantitative analysis of Lhx9 gene expression in the control and Fog2 null hearts. A. Agarose gel electrophoresis showing RT-PCR products corresponding to the Lhx9α and Lhx9β isoforms of the Lhx9 gene expressed in the E11.5 tissues. The products corresponding to the cardiac tissue (lanes 1 and 5) were isolated and sequenced. Relative cardiac expression of the α(2.6) and β(1.0) Lhx9 isoforms in the wild-type sample was determined by the real time PCR. (B-C). Lhx9α/β is downregulated (~7-fold) while Fog2 is upregulated in the wild-type E9.5–E14.5 heart as demonstrated by the real-time PCR analysis of the pan-cardiac Lhx9α/β (B) and Fog2 (C) expression. Lhx9α/β is not expressed in the E9.5 embryonic heart. (D). A comparative analysis of Lhx9 gene expression in the control and Fog2 mutant E13.5 hearts using Lhx9-HD and Lhx9α/β isoform-specific primers. The Lhx9 expression for both isoforms is normalized to the Gapdh gene expression level; the fold changes (y axis) are shown; relative expression of Lhx9-HD is normalized to be 1.0. (E). A comparative analysis of the Lhx9-HD isoform expression in the E11.5 hearts and hind limbs. The Lhx9 expression is normalized to the Gapdh gene expression level; the fold changes (y axis) are shown; relative expression of Lhx9-HD in the heart is normalized to be 1.0. (F). A comparative analysis of Lhx9 gene expression in the E11.5 hind limb using Lhx9-HD and Lhx9α/β isoform-specific primers; relative expression of Lhx9-HD is normalized to be 1.0.

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We also confirmed that a full-length isoform (Lhx9-HD) is scarcely detectable in the embryonic heart even when measured by a highly sensitive real time PCR assay. The cardiac expression level of Lhx9-HD is ~30 times (at E11.5; not shown) and ~50 times (at E13.5; Fig 2D) lower than that of Lhx9α/β; this data is in agreement with the previous work [30]. In contrast and as a positive control we detected Lhx9-HD using the same primer pair as robustly expressed in the E11.5 embryonic hind limb where its levels were ~33 times higher than in the E11.5 heart (Fig 2E); in the hind limb Lhx9-HD expression was only slightly lower (~3.3 times) than Lhx9α/β expression (Fig 2F) (see also Fig 5 for in situ hybridization analysis).

Lhx9is a target of the GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex

Based on the microarray data analysis the combined value of the probe sets corresponding to Lhx9α+β was ~3 times higher in the E13.5 Fog2-null sample (Additional File 1). Real time PCR analysis confirmed the increase in Lhx9α/β expression in the mutant. The up-regulation is already significant at E11.5 (~4.5 excess vs. control) and becomes even more dramatic (6.4 times) at E13.5 (Fig 3A). Analysis with isoform-specific primers revealed that the overall increase in the mutant is derived mostly from the up-regulation of the Lhx9β isoform (6.1x), although expression of Lhx9α in the Fog2 mutant heart is also doubled (2.3x) (Fig 3B). The expression of the isoform encoding the full-length protein, Lhx9-HD, is also induced in the Fog2 mutant heart, but its level remains negligibly low (Fig 2D). In contrast, the expression of the Lhx2 homologue does not change in the mutant (Fig 3B).

Figure 3
figure 3

The analysis of Lhx9 expression in the control and mutant hearts. (A-B). Lhx9 gene expression is up-regulated in the Fog2 mutant hearts. (A). A comparative real-time PCR analysis of the total (Lhx9α/β) expression in the E11.5 and E13.5 control and Fog2 mutant hearts. (B). A comparative analysis of Lhx9 and Lhx2 gene expression in E13.5 control and Fog2 mutant hearts; Lhx9 expression is examined with α- and β isoform-specific primers. Lhx genes' expression is normalized to the Gapdh gene expression level; the fold changes (y axis) are shown; relative expression in the wild-type sample is normalized to be 1.0. (C-H). Whole-mount staining of the E11.5 (C-D), E12.5 (E-F) and E13.5 (G-H) hearts with an anti-Lhx9α/β RNA probe. Both ventral (C, E, G) and dorsal (D, F, H) views are shown; the wild-type sample is always on the left. In the wild-type E11.5 heart (C-D) ventricles, the atrioventricular groove (arrow) and the outflow tract are weakly positive for Lhx9 expression, while in the Fog2 null heart, Lhx9 expression is strongly enhanced. By E12.5 (E-F) and especially by E13.5 (G-H) Lhx9 expression appears almost extinguished in the control heart, while the Fog2 mutant sample remains strongly positive for Lhx9 expression. The scale bar is 200 μM.

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To further compare the expression of Lhx9 in the control and Fog2 mutant cardiac samples we performed in situ whole-mount hybridization experiments using an anti-Lhx9 RNA probe that detects both isoforms (α/β). In the wild-type E11.5 heart the ventricles, the atrioventricular groove and the outflow tract are weakly positive for Lhx9α/β expression, while in the Fog2 null heart Lhx9α/β expression is strongly enhanced (Fig 3C–D). By E12.5 and especially by E13.5 Lhx9α/β expression appears almost extinguished in the control heart, while the Fog2 mutant sample is strongly positive for Lhx9α/β (Fig 3E–H). These results correlate well with the real-time PCR data (Fig 2B and Fig 3A–B). The non-cardiac expression of Lhx9α/β (e.g. spinal cord, limb buds and testes) remains comparable in the control and mutant embryos (Fig 5 and Additional File 2A, B; also data not shown).

LHX9α/βis localized to the epicardium in the fetal heart

To establish the identity of cardiac cells that express Lhx9α/β we sectioned the stained hearts following the RNA in situ hybridization. As Lhx9α/β expression in the wild-type heart is low, we analyzed the mutant samples. We observed that Lhx9α/β expression is restricted to the outermost layer of the heart (not shown). To ensure that this staining is not a result of a poor probe penetration, we sectioned the wild-type and mutant E11.5 hearts and performed immunofluorescent analysis with an anti-LHX9 antibody. Among several antibodies we have tested (data not shown) only one [31] was suitable for the immunofluorescence analysis of embryonic samples. In addition to LHX9α/β this anti-LHX2/9 antibody recognizes both LHX2 and LHX9-HD; however, RNA species encoding both of these proteins are absent (i.e. Lhx9-HD (Fig 2D, E and [30]; Lhx2 [32]) from the E11.5 embryonic heart.

The antibody demonstrated strong and specific staining in all embryonic regions that were previously reported to have strong Lhx2/Lhx9 expression (e.g. gonads; Additional File 2C). In the heart the protein expression correlated well with the Lhx9α+β in situ staining pattern. LHX9α/β protein expression was detected in atria, ventricles and outflow tract; the expression was enhanced in the atrioventricular groove (Fig 4). Again, cells located in the outermost cardiac layer were the only cells that stained strongly positive for LHX9α/β. These cells (Fig 4A) stained negative for the pan-myocardial marker, TNNT2 at all times examined (Fig 4B–C) and data not shown).

Figure 4
figure 4

LHX9α/β protein expression is specific to the epicardium of the heart. (A-C) Immunofluorescence analysis of LHX9α/β expression in frozen sections of E11.5 heart. (A) LHX9 (red; A and C) does not co-localize with cardiac muscle marker TNNT2 (cardiac troponin T) (green; B-C). LHX9-positive cells are localized to the outmost cardiac layer (arrows). Scale bar 50 μM. (D-L). LHX9α/β-positive cells (red; D, G, J, F, I, L) are localized to the outermost cardiac layer (arrows) in E11.5 (D-F) and E12.5 control (G-I) and Fog2 mutant (J-L) cardiac sections. The endothelial marker ENG (endoglin) (green; E-F; H-I; K-L) labels the epicardial cells already committed to the endothelial lineage beginning at E12.5 (arrowheads). Scale Bar: 50 μM. Control sections required longer time exposures to detect the weaker LHX9 staining in the wild-type hearts.

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To label the cells in the epicardial region at this early stage in epicardial development we used an antibody specific for the endothelial integral membrane glycoprotein endoglin (ENG) [33] that recognizes epicardial cells that are already committed to the endothelial lineage both in the control and in Fog2 mutant hearts [2]. At E11.5 the epicardial layer containing LHX9α/β-positive cells is still negative for ENG, while at E12.5 stage this endothelial marker starts to detect some (but not all) ventricular cells in the epicardial and sub-epicardial layer. We concluded that in the embryonic heart LHX9 α/β proteins are temporarily expressed in the developing epicardial cell layer. Although the majority of the LHX9-positive cells are confined to the epicardium, a weaker immunoreactivity is detectable in the myocardium (Fig 4) suggesting that a low level expression of LHX9α/β could be present in these cells.

Lhx9α/β and Lhx2, but not Lhx9-HDare expressed in the proepicardium

Lineage studies in chick embryos have demonstrated that epicardium is derived from the extra-cardiac source, the proepicardium [34–38]; in mice these cells are derived (at least partially, see also [39]) from the septum transversum [40–42]. The epicardial progenitor cell cysts are formed in the proepicardial serosa at E9.5–E10.5 and cover the myocardium with a single layer of flat cells by E10.5–11.5 [43, 44]. By performing an in situ hybridization for Lhx9α/β with E9.5 embryos we noted that Lhx9α/β is prominently expressed in the septum transversum in both the wild-type and Fog2 mutant embryos (Fig 5A, top panels).

Figure 5
figure 5

(A) Lhx9 α/β and Lhx2 , but not Lhx9-HD are expressed in the septum transversum in mice at E9.5. Whole-mount in situ hybridization with anti-Lhx9α/β (top panels) and Lhx2 (middle panels) RNA probes detect a strong Lhx9α/β expression in septum transversum both in the control (left panels, arrow) and the Fog2-/- embryo (right panels, arrow); an Lhx9-HD RNA probe does not show the expression of this isoform in the septum transversum (bottom panels); hindlimb bud expression is indicated by an arrowhead. The higher magnification of STM expression for Lhx9α/β is shown in insets (top panels). (B) The myocardial Fog2 does not suppress Lhx9α/β expression in the heart. Whole-mount staining of the E14.5 hearts with the anti-Lhx9α/β RNA probe. The wild-type sample is on the left and the αMhc-Fog2/Fog2-/- heart is on the right. At this stage Lhx9α/β expression is extinguished in the wild-type heart (left) (also Fig. 2B) while the Fog2 mutant sample with the myocardial-restricted expression of Fog2 (right) remains strongly positive for Lhx9α/β expression.

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Expression of the Lhx9 homologue, Lhx2, in the septum transversum (STM) has been previously reported [45]; however, we noted that the authors in their analysis used a probe that corresponds to the whole-length Lhx2 cDNA (NM_010710; nucleotides 460–1750). A sequence comparison revealed two large regions of almost complete identity between the Lhx2 probe sequence and Lhx9; hence, we believe the authors [45] could not discriminate between Lhx2 and Lhx9 in their in situ assay. To distinguish between these homologues we designed an Lhx2 probe that is limited to the most 5'-region of the Lhx2 sequence (NM_010710; nucleotides 42 to 488) and has no homology to Lhx9; we also generated an in situ probe that is specific for Lhx9-HD. We detected an Lhx2 transcript in the STM (Fig 5A, middle panels). In contrast, the transcript corresponding to the full-length Lhx9-HD could not be detected in the STM (Fig 5A, bottom panels); this rules out the transient role for the Lhx9-HD transcript in the STM. We detected no STM up-regulation of either Lhx2 or Lhx9α/β in the absence of Fog2; if anything, it appears that both Lhx9 α/β and Lhx2 could be expressed slightly lower in the STM of Fog2 mutants (e.g. Fig 5A, insets in top panels).

We have previously shown that transgenic expression of Fog2 (restricted to the myocardium with an Mhc promoter) extends the life of the otherwise Fog2-null embryos; however this rescue by myocardial-derived Fog2 is incomplete [2, 46]. If Lhx9α/β expression is mostly confined to the epicardium and directly regulated there by a FOG2 protein, myocardially-driven FOG2 should not be able to repress Lhx9α/β expression back to its original low level. To test this we examined Lhx9α/β expression in the control and 'rescued' αMhc-FOG2/Fog2-/- hearts at E14.5. Rescued hearts preserved a high level of Lhx9α/β compared to the control indirectly attesting to the fact that myocardial Fog2 is not primarily responsible for regulating Lhx9α/β expression (Fig 5B). This finding prompted us to examine whether FOG2 could be directly regulating Lhx9α/β expression as described below.

Lhx9is a direct target of GATA4/FOG2 repression complex in the heart

The loss of GATA4/FOG2 interaction leads to an over-expression (de-repression) of Lhx9α/β cardiac expression. Based on the inability of myocardially-restricted FOG2 to down-regulate ectopic epicardial Lhx9α/β expression (Fig 5B), we hypothesized that the Lhx9 gene could be a direct target of GATA4-FOG2 mediated repression. To demonstrate that the repression of the Lhx9 gene requires binding of the GATA4/FOG2 protein complex to the Lhx9 cis-regulatory elements we inspected the Lhx9 genomic locus using ECR (evolutionary conserved region) browser [47] (Additional File 3A). As both Lhx9α and Lhx9β are expressed in the heart we examined the conserved regions corresponding to both isoforms. We limited our analysis to the ~5 kb region upstream of the Lhx9β transcription start site; this 5 kb region is delimited by the un-characterized ORF (2310009B15Rik in the mouse; C1ORF53 in the human genome) (Fig 6A and Additional File 3A). We identified two evolutionary conserved GATA sites within the annotated ECRs (Fig 6A, B and Additional File 3A); one GATA site (-521) is present within the promoter region corresponding to the Lhx9α while the other site (-4441) is located upstream of both isoforms (Fig 6A). To examine the GATA4/FOG2 complex binding to these two elements in vivo, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay from E11.5 embryonic hearts. This time point was chosen since at E11.5 cardiac expression of Lhx9 is still present in the normal heart and is responsive to Fog2 expression: Lhx9α/β expression is strongly enhanced in the absence of Fog2 (Figs 2D and 3A–D). We demonstrated that either the α GATA4 or α FOG2 antibody specifically pulls down DNA containing conserved GATA sites indicating the binding of the GATA4/FOG2 complex at E11.5 (Fig 6C). As a negative control we have randomly chosen an internal region (within the Lhx9 gene) that contains two perfect GATA elements (AGATAG; Fig 6A and Additional File 3B). This region tested negative in the GATA and FOG2 ChIP assays (Fig 6D); we have also confirmed the specificity for primers and the FOG2 antibody by a quantitative PCR analysis of ChIP reactions (Fig 6D). We conclude that in the E11.5 heart GATA4/FOG2 complex directly binds Lhx9 cis-regulatory regions.

Figure 6
figure 6

Lhx9 gene is a direct target of the GATA4/FOG2 transcription complex. (A). A map of the mouse Lhx9 genomic locus. Exons are shown as blue and yellow boxes; the blue boxes correspond to the protein coding regions while yellow bars depict the UTRs. Both Lhx9 and 2310009B15Rik (an uncharacterized ORF flanking the Lhx9 locus) are oriented 5'-3' left-to-right. The Lhx9 introns are shown as thin blue lines. The DNA sequences corresponding to the intergenic space for all three isoforms are shown in green. The positions of the evolutionary conserved GATA sites are shown as vertical red bars and their distances with respect to the translation start sites +1(ATG) are indicated; the non-functional GATA sites are situated 3' from the start sites and ("+2x") are shown as black bars. The arrowheads are indicating the sequences amplified in the ChIP assay (see Materials and Methods for primer sequences). The horizontal red lines correspond to the DNA fragments used to generate the luciferase reporter constructs. (B). Alignement of the conserved reverse GATA sites (emboldened) in five genomes; the distance is shown from the first nucleotide (T) of the GATA site relative to the ATG codone of the respective isoform: β (top) and α (bottom). (C). Immunoprecipitations of the cross-linked chromatin from E11.5 hearts were performed with antibodies against FOG2, GATA4, RNA polymerase II or with normal IgG. Following DNA purification, samples were subjected to PCR with primers designed for the regions of the Lhx9 gene that contain GATA sites or the Gapdh promoter as a control; the PCR products were visualized on ethidium bromide gels. The PCR products were consistently observed with the total input chromatin aliquot before the immunoprecipitation step (not shown). The figure is a representative of four experiments performed.(D) The ChIP reactions corresponding to the α GATA4 and α IgG (same as in (C)) were subjected to PCR with primers designed to amplify the internal region of Lhx9 with two perfect consensus GATA sites (2xAGATAG;Additional File 2B) and were analyzed directly by the ethidium bromide gel (top panel). α FOG2 and α IgG ChIPs (same as in (C) were subjected to real-time PCR either with primers corresponding to the regulatory GATA-containing sequences or with internal primers. Primers corresponding to the two regulatory sequences amplify the α FOG2 ChIP reaction 70 and 18 times more efficiently than the α IgG reaction (left panel); they also amplify the α FOG2 reaction ~18 and 8 more efficiently than internal primers (middle panel); the amplification efficiency for the three sets of primers with respect to the control IgG reaction is close to 1 (right panel). The Y axis is showing the fold change. (E-F) GATA4 and FOG2 cooperate to inhibit Lhx9 promoters. (E) Luciferase reporter assays using Lhx9-luciferase reporters pGL3_Lhx9_1121 (black bars) or pGL3_Lhx9_1121Gm (white bar) or (F) pGL3_SV40_Lhx9_938 (black bars) in HEK 293-T cells with GATA4, FOG2 and GATA4ki expression vectors. pGL3_Lhx9_1121Gm contains a GAAA sequence instead of the wild-type GATA sequence in position -521; the differences between the control and the mutant plasmid are not significant except for the transfection shown (the white bar). **p < 0.01, paired t-test vs control.

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GATA4 and FOG2 cooperate to inhibit Lhx9promoters

To confirm that the GATA-harboring DNA sequences upstream of the Lhx9 transcriptional start sites are essential for GATA4/FOG2-dependent regulation we performed luciferase reporter assays. Lhx9 regulatory sequences containing ECRs with ChIPed GATA sites (-4968/-4301 and -1121/+1; Fig 6A) were isolated and used to generate luciferase reporter constructs. The reporter constructs were transiently transfected into the 293 HEK cells along with the GATA4 and FOG2 expression vectors. We also generated a GATA4ki expression vector (encoding for the V217G mutation in GATA4 that does not interact with FOG2 [15]). The wild-type GATA4 cooperates with FOG2 to repress Lhx9 promoter-driven luciferase expression while the mutant GATA4ki version of GATA4 is severely impaired in this repression assay (Fig 6E, F). A luciferase construct containing a GAAA mutation in the (-521) GATA element was not co-repressed by a joint GATA4/FOG2 action (Fig 6E). We conclude that the repression of Lhx9 gene expression in the developing heart requires the presence of the functional GATA4/FOG2 protein complex.

LHX9α and LHX9β interact with ISL1, but not CITED2

We established that the loss of GATA4/FOG2 interaction leads to over-expression of Lhx9α/β in the murine heart. One of the consequences of the excessive LHX9α/β expression could be the 'trapping' of cardiac LHX factors with their interacting proteins into non-functional LHX9 α/β-containing complexes as has been previously proposed [30]. To further test this idea we probed the interactions between LHX9α and cardiac proteins that have been reported to interact with the LIM-HD factors, namely ISL1 [48, 49] and CITED2/MRG1 [50]. The eukariotic expression vector encoding the epitope-tagged version of LHX9α was co-transfected with the epitope-tagged ISL1α, ISL1β or CITED2 into HEK293 cells and protein interactions were tested by immunoprecipitation-western (IP-Western) analysis. We detected the interactions between LHX9α and both iso-forms of ISl1, but not between LHX9α and CITED2 (Fig 7). This demonstrates the ability of the LHX9 isoform lacking HD to form a complex with other LIM-HD factors, such as ISL1.

Figure 7
figure 7

LHX9α can interact with ISL1 isoforms, but not with CITED2. Immunoprecipitation-Western analysis of protein interactions in the extracts of HEK293 cells transfected with DNA constructs encoding HA-tagged LHX9α and MAB21L2 (unrelated protein used as a negative control) and FLAG-tagged ISL1α, ISL1β and CITED2, as indicated.

Full size image

ISL1 and LHX2/LHX9 are co-expressed in the developing liver, but not epicardium or septum transversum

Previous lineage studies in chick embryos have demonstrated that the smooth muscle of the coronary vessels derives from the proepicardium; similarly, in the mouse these cells are derived from the septum transversum. LHX9α/β is prominently expressed in the STM at E9.5 and in the epicardium starting at E11.5 (Figs 3 and 5). Recent lineage tracing analysis in Isl1-Cre mice has demonstrated that the progeny of Isl1-expressing cells contributes to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle lineages, specifically the smooth muscle of coronary vasculature [51]. As our IP-Western analysis showed that LHX9α can interact with ISL1 (Fig 7) we sought to determine whether LHX2/LHX9α/β and ISL1 were co-expressed in the epicardium or septum transversum and performed double-fluorescence labeling experiments in E10.5 embryos. We were unable to co-localize ISL1 to LHX9 α/β-positive epicardial cells (Fig 8, top panels; arrows); this data is in agreement with the reported absence of ISL1 expression in the epicardium [51]. Similarly, cells in the septum transversum that stained positive with an anti-LHX2/LHX9 antibody were also ISL1-negative (Fig 8, top panels; arrowheads); we, however, detected a subset of cells that co-express ISL1 and LHX2/9 in the developing liver (Fig 8, bottom panels; arrowheads). Expression of Lhx9 in the developing liver has been previously reported [27].

Figure 8
figure 8

ISL1 is co-expressed with LHX2/9 proteins in the liver primordium. Immunofluorescence analysis of ISL1 and LHX2/9 expression in frozen sections of the E10.5 embryos. LHX2/9 staining (red) does not co-localize with ISL1 (green) in the epicardium (arrows) or septum transversum (arrowheads); the proteins are co-expressed in the liver primordium. The bottom panels are higher magnifications of the areas within white rectangles (top).

Full size image

Discussion

Recent evidence suggests that different splicing isoforms of the same transcription factor may have competing/opposing as well as unrelated roles in cellular differentiation (e.g., [52–54]). We have demonstrated that GATA4/FOG2 transcription complex is essential for the repression of Lhx9 gene transcription in cardiac development; we have also determined that the Lhx9 isoform encoding for the protein with intact homeodomain is not present in the embryonic heart, while both α and β isoforms encoding a truncated homeodomain are expressed. This differential expression of Lhx9 isoforms suggests that truncated LHX9 proteins have a separate function independent of the full-length LHX9 molecule. This assertion is supported by the previously reported observation that LHX9 isoforms do not directly compete with each other and instead function in different pathways during neuronal differentiation [55].

One of the objectives of this study was to identify the downstream targets of GATA4/FOG2 regulation in various sub-compartments of the developing heart and to understand how the mis-regulation of these targets contributes to severe cardiac defects in Fog2-null and Gata4ki/kiembryos. We have now determined that Lhx9α/β is a target of GATA4/FOG2 repression, with wild-type hearts down-regulating Lhx9α/β epicardial expression starting at least on E11.5, while hearts deficient in FOG2 fail to do so (Fig 3). The inability of the Fog2-null heart to down-regulate Lhx9α/β expression may be a contributing factor in the constellation of the cardiac abnormalities caused by Fog2 deficiency [2]. Although this study mostly focused on the Fog2 mutants, real-time PCR analysis with the E12.5 Gata4ki/kihearts [15] also revealed a significant, albeit weaker, up-regulation of the Lhx9α/β gene expression in this mutant (~3 times; data not shown). This more modest up-regulation in the Gata4kimutant could be due to partial compensation by the other Gata family member, Gata6, that is expressed in the developing heart.

We also demonstrated here that Lhx9α/β expression is initiated in the septum transversum (Fig 5) and that these are the epicardial cells that continue expressing LHX9α/β in E11.5 hearts and downregulate this expression shortly thereafter. Further experiments will confirm whether LHX9-positive epicardial cells are direct descendants of the septum transversum cells. The requirement to down-regulate Lhx9 expression is no longer satisfied in the epicardium of the Fog2-null mutant hearts (Fig 3). We propose that abnormally high level of Lhx9 gene expression that is characteristic of an earlier stage in epicardial cell development is likely to be a contributing factor in the impaired differentiation of the epicardially derived cells in the Fog2 mutant embryos [2].

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed the roles of the two evolutionary conserved GATA sites in Lhx9 gene cis-regulatory elements. Since DNA complexes were precipitating with either anti-GATA4 or anti-FOG2 antibodies, this assay demonstrated that in the E11.5 heart these sites are occupied by the GATA4/FOG2 complex rather than GATA4 alone. We could no longer detect GATA4/FOG2 complex binding to these sites in the E14.5 hearts (not shown) suggesting that Lhx9 repression at this later stage of cardiac development is likely to be GATA4/FOG2-independent. In agreement with the ChiP data, luciferase reporter assays confirmed the cooperative repression by GATA4 and FOG2 (Fig 6E, F). Although GATA sites have been previously identified in the proximal promoters of Anf, Bnp and α-Mhc genes, these genes' expression is not affected by the GATA4/FOG2 interaction loss. It is possible that other transcription factors regulating Lhx9 expression ensure the selectivity of GATA4/FOG2 binding; however, computer analysis of ECRs harboring GATA sites did not reveal sequence conservation for any other transcription factors in these regions. Lhx9 gene expression is restricted to a limited number of tissues during development and is likely to be tightly regulated (e.g. [26, 27, 31]). Transcriptional regulation of Lhx9 is not well understood and the crosstalk between the (yet unknown) activators of Lhx9 expression and its repressors, GATA4/FOG2, remains to be elucidated. In this respect we also cannot exclude the contribution of an indirect regulation mechanism where GATA4/FOG2 would normally activate a yet unknown repressor X of Lhx9 transcription; Fog2 loss in this case will result in down-regulation of X and de-repression of Lhx9. In summary, although our ChIPs as well as transient transfection data argues in favor of a direct repression mechanism, it is possible that, once other trans-acting factors governing Lhx9 regulation are uncovered, they will be also deregulated in the Fog2 knockout.

We have previously shown that transgenic expression of Fog2 restricted to the myocardium with αMhc promoter extends the life of the otherwise Fog2-null embryos; however this rescue by myocardial-derived Fog2 is incomplete [2, 46]. In this respect, increased level of Lhx9 expression still persists in the E14.5 hearts of the 'rescued' αMhc-Fog2/Fog2-/-mutants (Fig 5B) indirectly attesting to the fact that myocardial Fog2 is not responsible for regulating Lhx9α/β expression. It is likely that the inability to down-regulate Lhx9 in the epicardium is, at least partially, responsible for the incomplete rescue in the αMhc-Fog2/Fog2-/- mutants. Importantly, in a sensitive qRT-PCR the level of Lhx9 expression in αMhc-Fog2/Fog2-/- hearts was slightly reduced (not shown) suggesting that a low level myocardial Lhx9/LHX9 expression is present and controlled by GATA4/FOG2.

Loss of GATA4/FOG2 interaction has a profound early effect on testis differentiation [46]; similarly, the Lhx9 gene is expressed in the developing gonads and Lhx9 gene targeting that removes two exons encoding for the LIM domains results in an early gonadal defect [29]. However, in contrast to the situation in cardiac development, we do not observe an up-regulation of Lhx9 gene expression in the gonads of GATA4/FOG2 mutants (e.g., Additional File 2) suggesting that GATA4 and FOG2 do not control Lhx9 in this tissue.

Currently, the function of LIM-HD factors in cardiac development (with the notable exception of ISL1) is not well understood. Computer analysis of gene expression database (as well as our own microarray analysis, data not shown) shows that Lhx6 is the only other member of the Lhx family that is expressed in the developing heart in the amount comparable to Lhx9α/β; no cardiac defect for Lhx6 loss of function has been reported [56].

Our data confirms and extends the previous observation that Lhx9 splicing isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner [30]. We also demonstrated that these truncated Lhx9 transcripts lead to the expression of the protein; this is an important confirmation since an appearance of an RNA encoding for a regulatory factor does not always correlate with protein accumulation (e.g. Myf5 RNA and not the protein are expressed in neurons [57]). It was proposed that Lhx9α encodes for a protein with a truncated HD that can compete with LHX9 (or other LIM-HD factors) for limited amounts of nuclear CLIM cofactors like Ldb1 [55]; Ldb1 knockout animals do not develop heart anlage [58]. CLIM cofactors can dimerize and interact with two LIM-HD proteins at the same time ([48, 59]; reviewed in [60]). In addition to the simple sequestration of Ldb1, the adjustment of stoichiometry between various CLIM-LHX complexes can involve differential degradation of some, but not other complexes [61, 62]. Finally, one of the consequences of the excessive LHX9α/β-Ldb1 complex formation could be 'trapping' of cardiac LHX factors with their interacting proteins into non-functional LHX9 α/β-containing complexes. Our IP-Western analysis demonstrated that both LHX9α and LHXβ could interact with other LIM-HD proteins such as ISL1 (Fig 7), suggesting that LHX9 α/β could function in mammalian cells as part of the multi-protein complexes. The ISL1 protein, however, is unlikely to serve as a partner for LHX9α/β in the epicardium or septum transversum as cells expressing LHX2/9 in these tissues do not express ISL1 (Fig 8).

In summary, our data suggest that the function of the LHX9α/β protein during the proepicardial development should be evaluated. This function maybe masked by other Lhx family members or by unrelated compensatory mechanisms and hence not revealed in the Lhx9-null animals [29]. We also provide evidence that GATA4/FOG2 regulate Lhx9 gene expression directly through binding to the evolutionary conserved GATA sites in the Lhx9 regulatory regions. The loss of GATA4/FOG2 interaction leads to de-repression of the LHX9α/β expression in epicardial cells; this abnormally high expression may account for some of the cardiac malformations observed in the Gata4ki/kiand Fog2 null mutants.

Conclusion

LHX9 belongs to the family of the LIM-HD (LIM-homeodomain) transcription factors. We have now determined that the developing mouse heart normally expresses truncated isoforms of Lhx9 – Lhx9α and Lhx9β. Whereas, the expression of the Lhx9 isoform that encodes a protein with an intact homeodomain is extremely low. At E9.5 Lhx9α/β expression is prominent in the epicardial primordium, septum transversum; in the E11.5 heart LHX9-positive cells are localized to the epicardial mesothelium. Thereafter in the control hearts Lhx9α/β epicardial expression is promptly down-regulated; in contrast, mouse mutants with Fog2 gene loss fail to repress Lhx9α/β expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from the E11.5 hearts established the roles of the two evolutionary conserved GATA sites in Lhx9 gene cis-regulatory elements. In transient transfection studies the expression driven by the cis-regulatory regions of Lhx9 was repressed by FOG2 in the presence of intact GATA4, but not the GATA4kimutant that is impaired in its ability to bind FOG2. This study identifies the first direct target for the GATA4/FOG2 repressor complex in the heart, Lhx9α/β.

Methods

Mouse strains and genotyping

Previously described Fog2+/- [2] and Gataki/+ [15] animals were bred onto a pure C57Bl/6 background (a kind gift of Dr. Eva Eicher, Jackson laboratory); αMhc-Fog2 animals have been previously described [2, 46]. Mice were genotyped by PCR using genomic DNA prepared from tail snips. Fog2- null and wild-type alleles were distinguished by PCR using the following primers:

F2gen12: GCTCCAGACTGCCTTGGGAAAAG; F2gen13: CCACAGCAAGAGAACATTTCCCAGAATACC, F2gen14 GCTGCATGTGATGAGCAATAAAACTTCTTG; GATA4 knock-in allele was detected as described previously [63] by using primers GkiF TGCGGAAGGAGGGGATTCAAAC and GkiR TCTGAGAGAACTGAGGGGGTTAGC. The presence of the αMhc-Fog2 transgene was determined by using primers FP7 AGCGAGCGGAACCTGCAAG and FP9 TGTAGTTACAGACCGTGCA. All animal protocols have been approved by the Dartmouth Animal Care and Use Committee.

Microarray analysis

The total RNA from control and mutant (Fog2 null) E13.5 hearts was applied to Affymetrix microarray (Dartmouth Genomic and Microarray laboratory); microarray data was analyzed using the Gene Traffic (Iobion Informatics) program.

Plasmids

pCS2+Gata4 and pCS2+Fog2 were previously described [1]. To generate the pCS2+ Gata4ki mutant vector we introduced the V217G mutation [15] by PCR using the following primers: GCAGAGAGTGTGGCAATTGTGG (forward) and CCACAATTGCCACACTCTCTGC (reverse).

pCS2+HA_Lhx9α. The full-length cDNA (993 bps) encoding for the LHX9α isoform was generated from the total cDNA prepared from E11.5 embryonic hearts using the First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen). The PCR fragment corresponding to the Lhx9a cDNA was generated with the following primers: Lhx9α-FL_BamHI-F GGATCCCAATGGAAATAGTGGGGTGCCGAGCC and reverse Lhx9α-FL-XhoI-R 5'-CTCGAGTAAGGGAATTTTCAAACGTCGGGAT. An insert was isolated by the BamHI/XhoI digest and cloned into the pCS2+ vector containing a HA tag (unpublished).

pCMV5a-Isl1α_FLAG and pCMV5a-Isl1β_FLAG plasmids were generated essentially as described above for pCS2+HA_Lhx9α. PCR fragments corresponding to the full-length Isl1α (1050 bp) or Isl1β (981 bp) cDNAs were generated using the following primers Isl1_FL_BamHI_F 5'-GGATCCATGGGAGACATGGGCGATCC and reverse Isl1_FL_BglII_R 5'-AGATCTTGATGCCTCAATAGGACTGGCTA; inserts corresponding to both isoforms were excised with BamHI/BglII and cloned into a pCMV5a vector containing the C-terminal FLAG tag (Sigma).

pCMV5a-Cited2_FLAG was generated using a commercially available plasmid (IMAGE clone 6415181; Open Biosystems) as a template. A PCR fragment corresponding to the full length Cited2 cDNA (810 bps) was obtained with the following primers: Cited2-fl-BamHIF 5'-GGATCCATGGCAGACCATATGATGGCCATGAA and reverse Cited2-fl-BglII-R 5'-AGATCTTGAACAGCTGACTCTGCTGGGCTGC; an insert was excised with BamHI/BglII and cloned into pCMV5a.

pGL3_lhx9_1121 and pGL3_lhx9_1121Gm: The promoter region (bps -1121 to -1 from the ATG codon of the Lhx9α isoform) was isolated by PCR using genomic DNA from CJ7 ES cells as a template. The following primers were used: Lhx9_1121_KpnI-F GGTACCTTCACTTTGGTGGACGTCTCAGAGC (forward; a KpnI site is underlined) and Lhx9_1121_NcoI-R CCATGGAAACACACGCCTGGGGCTCTCAGTT (reverse; a NcoI site is underlined). A PCR-generated fragment was cloned into the pSC-A vector (Stratagene); KpnI/NcoI fragment containing the Lhx9 gene fragment was isolated and inserted into pGL3_Basic vector (Promega) containing the luciferase reporter gene. The mutant version of this promoter, 1121Gm, disrupted a GATA site positioned at -521 upstream from the ATG codone. The following primers were used to insert a mutation: CTCCTACTAAATTTTCAAAAATGG (forward) and CCATTTTTGAAAATTTAGTAGGAG (reverse); the TATC/GATA site was replaced with the TTTC/GAAA sequence (the altered sequence is underlined).

pGL3_SV40_lhx9_938: The enhancer region from -4968 to -4031 bp upstream of the ATG codon of the Lhx9β isoform was isolated by PCR essentially as described above. The following primers were used: Lhx9_938_KpnI-F GGTACCTCCATATGGCCAAGTCAATGTGA (forward; a KpnI site is underlined) and Lhx9_938_NcoI-R CCATGGTGAGCAGCAGCTTCCTGTTACTG (reverse; a NcoI site is underlined). A PCR-generated fragment was introduced into the pGL3_SV40 vector (Promega) containing the luciferase reporter gene and the minimal SV40 promoter.

The PCR fragments incorporated into DNA constructs were verified by sequencing.

Total RNA extraction

Hearts (both ventricles and atria) were dissected from the embryos and preserved in RNAlater (Ambion) until further use. Hearts were disrupted by forcing the tissue through a 26 gauge needle. Total RNA was prepared using RNAeasy columns (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. On average 1.5–2 μg of total RNA was obtained from one E13.5 heart. RNA concentration was determined by measuring absorbance at 260 nm; RNA was stored at -80°C. Hind limb RNA was prepared following essentially the same protocol, except that no shredding of the tissue was necessary.

Quantitative Real Time RT-PCR

cDNA was prepared from 1–2 μgs of total cardiac RNA with a First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen). Real-time PCR was performed using a PCR SYBR Green I Kit (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions in a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system machine and a standard amplification protocol was established for each gene. Calibration curves were generated essentially as described before [64]. Values from at least three independent experiments were compared; standard deviation was calculated using Excel (Microsoft) application.

The following primers were used for detection of Fog2 and Lhx9 isoforms (See table 1).

Table 1
Full size table

Whole-mount in situ hybridization

The 504 bps Lhx9α/β probe corresponds to the 3'-untranslated region of mouse Lhx9 RNA, +1146 to +1650 from the ATG codone [30]. The probe region was amplified by PCR using total cardiac E11.5 cDNA as a template with the following primers: lhx9-1146-F GAGTGAGACATAAGTGTCATT (forward) and the lhx9-1650-R AATGTTTGCATCAAATAAAATG (reverse). The 517 bps Lhx9-HD probe corresponds to the + 1054 to +1571 from the ATG codone of the isoform encoding for the HD-containing protein (NM_001042577; [30] of Lhx9; the region was amplified using the primers: lhx9-1054-F: CTCTCACTCCACCCGGCACTG and lhx9-1571-R: AGGAATATAATTCGCCCATCGTAAT. Finally, the 466 bps Lhx2 probe corresponded to the 5'-region (-425 to +21 from the ATG codone) of Lhx2 (NM_010710); the primers used were lhx2-425F: CACCTAGCTGTTCCTGGGTGAAC and lhx2-21R: CCGACAGACTGTGGAACAGCATC. The PCR fragments were cloned into the pSC-A vector (Stratagene) and the digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes were generated according to standard procedures [65]. In situ hybridization and staining were performed as previously described [2]. For each embryonic (E) time point at least two independent experiments were done. Stained hearts or embryos were re-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed and kept in PBS. Images were acquired, processed and mounted as previously described [66].

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

For ChIP experiment hearts were dissected out in ice-cold PBS; eighteen E11.5 or three E14.5 mouse hearts were pooled. Tissue was chopped with a sharp razor blade and fixed in a freshly prepared 1% paraformaldehyde. Chromatin extraction and immunoprecipitations were performed using an EZ ChIP assay kit (Upstate) according to manufacturer's protocol. Chromatin was shared 6 × 10 sec using the sonicator (MODEL 250, Branson) at 40% duty cycle. Shared chromatin was pulled down either with the goat anti-mouse GATA4 or goat anti-mouse FOG2 antibody (both from Santa Cruz); the control anti-mouse RNA polymerase II, clone CTD4H8 antibody (Upstate); or the control mouse IgG (Upstate). PCR products were recovered by PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) PCRs were done with Hotstart Taq DNA polymerase set (Qiagen) using initial denaturation 95°C for 10 min (to activate Tag polymerase) followed by 30 cycles of denaturation (94°C; 20 sec), annealing (55°C; 30 sec) and extension (72°C; 30 sec) with the final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The following PCR primers were used to amplify the regions of Lhx9 or Gapdh genes (See table 2).

Table 2
Full size table

PCR products were recovered from agarose gels and their nucleotide sequences were confirmed.

Cell Culture and Transient Transfection Assays

Cells

293T HEK cells were maintained in DMEM media (Mediatech) with 10% newborn calf serum (NCS) and antibiotics (DMEM/NCS).

Transfection

Transient transfections were performed using a standard HBS × CaCl2 protocol [67]. 0.1–0.3 μg of Luciferase reporter plasmids and 0.1–0.3 μg Renila plasmids were combined with 2–3 μg of GATA4/GATA4ki or FOG2 expressing plasmids or 2–3 μg of a balancer plasmid. Cells from one confluent well of a 6-well plate were used; cells were incubated with the precipitate overnight and the media was replaced with a fresh aliquot of DMEM/NCS the next morning.

Luciferase Dual Reporter assay

Cells were lysed 48 hours post-transfection as recommended by the Luciferase Dual Reporter Assay protocol (Promega). After lysis the cells were centrifugated at maximal speed, the supernatant was diluted 10 times and used immediately for measuring the luciferase activity; activity of the firefly luciferase was normalised to the Renilla reporter activity. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. Each value was compared to control (reporter vectors in the presence of the balancer plasmid) in each experiment and values from three independent experiments were analyzed; the final graph was built using Microsoft Excel application (Microsoft).

Immunofluorescence Analysis

Embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 2 h (hours), washed with PBS for 4 h in a cold room using several changes of PBS. Fixed embryos were soaked in 30% sucrose in PBS overnight at 4°C, positioned and frozen in the OCT (Fisher Scientific) and kept at -80°C until further use. 10 μM sections of the frozen embryos were cut on the cryostat (Leica) and lifted on the Superfrost slides pre-treated with the Vectabond (Vector). For the immunodetection of the LHX9 protein, slides were blocked/permeabilized in PBS containing 5% Carnation non-fat milk and 0.1% Triton X-100 (Fisher) for 1 h at RT. Blocked slides were reacted with the rabbit anti-LH2A/B antibody (a kind gift from Dr. Thomas Jessell) diluted 1:300 and detected with donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 555 antibodies (Molecular Probes). Mouse anti-Isl1 39.4D5b diluted 1:300 was detected by goat anti mouse Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes). Mouse anti-TNNT2 (1:500; USBiologicals) was detected with goat anti-mouse Alexa 488; rat anti-Endoglin (1:300; Pharmingen) was detected with the goat anti-rat Alexa 488 antibody; all secondary antibodies were used at a 1:500 dilution. PBS-washed slides were mounted in Vectashield media with DAPI (Vector). Pictures were acquired using a Magnafire camera (Olympus) with an Olympus fluorescent microscope as previously described [66].

Immunoprecipitation (IP)

Transient transfections were performed using an HBS × CaCl2 protocol essentially as described above with HEK293 cells cultured on 10 cm plates with 9 μg of pCS2+HA-Lhx9 combined with 9 μg pCMV5a-Isl1α_FLAG or pCMV5a-Isl1β_FLAG or pCMV5a-Cited2_FLAG or pCMV5a-Mab21l2_FLAG plasmid (negative control). Cells were harvested 48 hours after transfection as previously described [1]. Briefly, plates were washed with PBS put on ice and cells were lysed directly with a "TNN-plus" buffer [50 M Tris HCl pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Igepal (Sigma), 5 mM EDTA and a complete protease inhibitor (Roche)]. Lysates were centrifuged and supernatants were transferred to new tubes several times to remove cell debris. IP was performed by incubating the cleared lysates with 25 μl of Anti-HA Affinity Matrix (Roche) for 2 h in a cold room followed by 4 washes with TNN-plus. 1/100 of a lysate or 1/10 of an IP were analysed by a Western blot. Proteins were detected on a Immobilon membrane (Millipore) either with a rabbit HA antibody (Santa Cruz) followed by an anti-rabbit HRP conjugate (Bio-Rad; 1:3000) or directly with an anti FlagM2 peroxidase Conjugate (Sigma; 1:3000).

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Thomas Jessell for his kind gift of the LHX9 antibody and for providing the immunostaining protocol and William Pu for sharing his protocol for mouse genotyping. This work was partially supported by the HHMI Grant to Dartmouth Medical School under the Biomedical Research Program for Medical Schools (Grant # 76200-560801), an NIH Grant (HD42751) and a grant from the Department of Defense Congressionally Mandated Medical Research Program on Breast Cancer (W81XWH-06-1-0394) to SGT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA

    Fatima O Smagulova, Nikolay L Manuylov, Lyndsay L Leach & Sergei G Tevosian

  2. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA

    Sergei G Tevosian

  3. Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Fatima O Smagulova

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  1. Fatima O Smagulova
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  2. Nikolay L Manuylov
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Correspondence to Sergei G Tevosian.

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Authors' contributions

FOS designed and carried out most of the experiments and wrote the initial draft of the 'methods' section of the manuscript (ms). NLM generated and genotyped embryonic samples, performed some real-time PCRs and participated in the interpretation of the results and in the writing of the ms. LLL carried out several qRT-PCRs, some transient transfection experiments and in situ hybridizations. SGT and FOS together conceived and coordinated the study, interpreted the data and edited the ms and the referee correspondence. SGT participated in the mutant analysis, assembled figure panels and wrote, edited and revised the ms and the referee correspondence. All authors read and approved the final ms.

Electronic supplementary material

Additional file 1: Differentially Expressed Genes in E13.5 Control vs. Mutant Hearts (PDF 93 KB)

12861_2007_351_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Additional file 2: (A-B) An E13.5 XY gonad from the control (A) and Fog2-/- mutant (B) embryos were examined by in situ hybridization with an Lhx9α/β RNA probe. The mutant sample lacks the sex cords resulting from a block in male sexual development [46]; g-gonad, m-mesonephros. (C) A specific staining in the genital ridge of the E11.5 Fog2-/- embryo with LHX2/9 antibody [31]. (PDF 66 KB)

12861_2007_351_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Additional file 3: (A) In silico identification of the putative GATA elements in the Lhx9 gene locus. An ECR browser output showing the conservation profiles of the human region in comparison with the monkey, mouse, rat, dog and opossum genomes. Exons are shown in blue and yellow; the blue bars correspond to the protein coding regions while yellow bars depict the UTRs. The 5'-3' orientation of the gene is shown by the blue arrow lines on top. Dark red bars show the distribution of ECRs (the areas of the respective genome with greater than 75% homology over 100 base pairs to the human genome); they are linked to the underlying regions of alignment. The ECRs containing conserved GATA sites are encircled; the proximal ECR constitutes an intron in one (β) of the Lhx9 isoforms and is shaded in pink. (B) The Nucleotide sequence of the 255 bp fragment (Lhx9_+2xAGATAG) from the internal region of the Lhx9 gene (nucleotides +7195/+7450 from the Lhx9β translation start site); sequences corresponding to primers are shown in bold; GATA sequences are highlighted in red. (PDF 365 KB)

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Smagulova, F.O., Manuylov, N.L., Leach, L.L. et al. GATA4/FOG2 transcriptional complex regulates Lhx9 gene expression in murine heart development. BMC Dev Biol 8, 67 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-8-67

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BMC Developmental Biology

ISSN: 1471-213X

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